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Carton

yanglulu50 — Thu, 03 Sep 2009 08:33:21 +0200

Fitness Package Health Food ,
Types of cartons
Folding Cartons
Typical blank for folding carton
A carton is a type of packaging suitable for food, pharmaceuticals, hardware, and many other types of products.
Folding cartons are usually combined into a tube at the manufacturer and shipped flat (knocked down) to the packager.
Tray styles have a solid bottom and are often shipped as flat blanks and assembled by the packager. Some also are self-erecting.
High speed equipment is available to set-up, load, and close the cartons.
Egg Carton
Egg Cartons
Egg cartons or trays are designed to protect whole eggs while in transit.
Traditionally these have been made of molded pulp. This uses recycled newsprint which is molded into a shape which protects the eggs.
More recently egg cartons have also be made from expanded polystyrene (similar to styrofoam) and PET.
Aseptic carton
French milk carton
Cartons for liquids can be fabricated from laminates of paperboard, foil, and polyethylene. Most are based on either Tetra Pak or Combibloc systems.
One option is to have the printed laminate supplied on a roll. The carton is cut, scorred, and formed at the packager , empty perfume bottle .
A second option is to have the pre-assembled tubes delivered to the packager for completion and filling , cream bottle .
These are suited for aseptic processing and are used for milk, soup, juice, etc , esd bag .
Gable to , dispenser pump .
Gable top cartons
Gable top cartons are often used for liquid products such as milk, juice, etc. These used polyethylene-coated paperboard and sometimes a foil laminate.
Most are opened by pushing open the gables at the top. Some have fitments to assist in opening and pouring the contents.
Packaging history
An early American packaging industry pioneer was the Kieckhefer Container Company, which was run by John W. Kieckhefer. The company excelled in the use of fibre shipping containers, which especially included the paper milk carton. In 1957, through an exchange of stock, the Kieckhefer Container Co. holdings were merged with the Weyerhauser Timber Company of Tacoma, Washington.
Shape
Although quite often shaped like a cuboid, it is not uncommon to find cartons lacking right angles and straight edges, as in squrounds used for ice cream. The number of corners on any given carton is a function of the product it contains. For example, a product with eight vertices would require a box also with eight corners.
Tetrahedrons and other shapes are available. Cartons with a hexagonal or octagonal cross sections are sometimes used for specialty items.
Materials
Cartons can be made from many materials: paperboard, various plastics, or a composite. Some are "food grade" for direct contact with foods.
Many cartons are made out of a single piece of paperboard. Depending on the need, this paperboard can be waxed or coated with polyethylene to form a moisture barrier. This may serve to contain a liquid product or keep a powder dry.
Artistic design
In art history, the carton (pronounced the French way) was a drawing on ordinary cardboard, used as life-size design for the manufacture in an atelier of a valuable tapestry, such as a gobelin. During the weaving it hung behind the tapestry in the making, a time-consuming process thus in a creative sense simplified to 'mechanical' painting-by-numbers.
As these were extremely valuable, often commanded by the very richest art-buyers, including princes who hung them in their palaces and even took them on their travels as prestigious displays of wealth, often with a visual message, especially the world-famous Flemish ateliers were deemed worthy to have cartons made by some of the greatest graphic artists of the time, including such celebrated painters as Rubens.
Carton-pierre
Carton-pierre, French for 'stone carton', is a term used for papier mch decorated to resemble stone, wood, or metal, and used as ornamentation.
Sources
Brody, A. L., and Marsh, K, S., "Encyclopedia of Packaging Technology", John Wiley & Sons, 1997, ISBN 0-471-06397-5
See also
Box
Corrugated fiberboard Box
Egg carton
Liquid packaging board
Paperboard
Packaging and labelling
Categories: Paperboard packagingHidden categories: Wikipedia articles incorporating text from the 1911 Encyclopdia Britannica

Molded pulp

yanglulu50 — Thu, 03 Sep 2009 08:32:26 +0200

Artware Resin ,
Types of Molded Pulp
Type-1: Thick-Wall
These products usually have wall thicknesses of 3/16" to 1/2" and are used primarily for support packaging applications. The surfaces are very rough on one side and moderately smooth on the opposite side. Product definition is moderate due to the use of relatively inexpensive single-pass molds and the use of mixed recovered paper and kraft paper slurries. Typical uses are for edge and edge protector, heavy item packaging, auto replacement parts, molded pulp pallet trays etc.
Type-2: Transfer Molded
A McDonald's spray-molded vacuum-formed cup carrier. The open slits are punched out of the carrier following the drying process.
Transfer molded products are usually thin walled, 1/16" to 3/16", and are the most prevalent type in use today. The process uses vacuum forming and take-off or transfer molds, where the mold is an extremely fine wire mesh in the shape of the upper/exposed surface. The fibrous slurries are frequently made up of a high percentage or entirely of recycled newspaper, which produces a relatively smooth surface on one side and a fairly smooth surface on the opposite side with good accuracy and definition.
Prior to the molding process, the mesh is mated with a vacuum chamber that draws air and moisture through the mesh into the chamber, with the mesh mold suspended above a liquid return pool. The fibrous slurry is sprayed from below onto the mold, and the vacuum draws the slurry tightly against the mesh, filling all gaps and spaces. When airflow through the mesh has been sufficiently blocked, the excess slurry falls into the return pool for recycling, and the mold advances onward to the drying process, following by separation of the mesh mold from the dried fiber plating , tin lunch box .
Typical uses of transfer molded products are for packaging electronic equipment, cellular phones and other household and hardware items. Very high capacity, high-speed transfer molding equipment is used to produce drink trays, cup carriers ,wine shippers, egg cartons, egg trays, pulp bedpan liners, pulp urinals, fruit trays, slipper pans, commode pans, etc , chinese ginger jars .
Type-3: Thermoformed Fibe , wholesale cosmetic jars .
This newest form of molded pulp is the highest quality of thin walled products available today. The process uses "Cure-In-The-Mold" technology which produces strong, well defined smooth surfaced molded pulp products.After being formed, the product is captured in heated forming molds which presses and densifies the molded products. They are accurately formed and have the appearance of plastic material. The products are ejected from the heated molds in their finished state as opposed to being dried in a heated oven. Typical uses for this type are for point-of- purchase packaging and those applications where high definition and appearance are of prime importance , anti static bag .
Type-4: Processed
This type of molded pulp product is that which has undergone some kind of secondary processing which is generally different than or in addition to, the basic production procedure. This could apply to any of the first three types. Secondary processing could be coating, printing, hot-pressing, die-cutting, trimming or manufactured using colors or special slurry additives. Uses are for many kinds of custom applications.
See also
packaging
cushioning
Further reading
Brody, A. L., and Marsh, K, S., "Encyclopedia of Packaging Technology", John Wiley & Sons, 1997, ISBN 0-471-06397-5
References
^ Definition of Sustainable Packaging
Categories: Pulp and paper industry | Packaging materials

Pseudo-anglicism

yanglulu50 — Fri, 28 Aug 2009 07:55:44 +0200

Pill Box, Capsules Case ,
Pseudo-anglicisms are words in languages other than English which were borrowed from English but are used in a way native English speakers would not readily recognize or understand. Pseudo-anglicisms often take the form of portmanteau words, combining elements of multiple English words to create a new word that appears to be English but is unrecognisable to a native speaker of English. It is also common for a genuine English word to be used to mean something completely different from its original meaning.
Pseudo-anglicisms are related to false friends or false cognates. Many speakers of a language which employs pseudo-anglicisms believe that the relevant words are genuine anglicisms and can be used in English.
When many English words are incorporated into many languages, language enthusiasts and purists often look down on this phenomenon, terming it (depending on the importing language) Denglisch, Franglais or similar neologisms.
Contents
1 Pseudo-anglicisms in various languages
1.1 Chinese
1.2 Czech
1.3 Danish
1.4 Dutch
1.5 Filipino languages
1.6 French
1.7 German
1.8 Hungarian
1.9 Israeli Hebrew
1.10 Italian
1.11 Japanese
1.12 Polish
1.13 Portuguese
1.14 Romanian
1.15 Russian
1.16 Spanish
1.17 Swedish
1.18 Turkish
2 Sources
3 References
4 See also
5 External links
//
Pseudo-anglicisms in various languages
Chinese
BB call pager
DM flyer, brochure, junk mail (from "direct mail")
k?o to photocopy (from the first syllable in "copy")
Czech
server website ("server" is also called "server")
Danish
Babylift (IPA:[b?e?b?ilifd?]) "carrycot".
A b?fsandwich (IPA:[b??:fs?n?it?]) is not a beef sandwich, but a beef patty on a bun (similar to a hamburger).
Dutch
Beamer (also in German) video projector
Beauty case vanity bag
Box (large, toddler-sized) cot
Camper (also in Italian) recreational vehicle (RV) or campervan
Camping (also in other European languages) campsite
Coffeeshop a store selling cannabis (or, colloquially, other psychedelic drugs)
Drugs refers exclusively to narcotics (not to medicines in general)
Dumpstore meaning an army surplus store
The word flat is often used to refer to a block of flats. What the British call "flat" is called appartement or flat in Dutch.
Fitness (also in many other European languages) fitness training as a kind of gymnastics
Happy end (also in other European languages) happy ending
Junk a drug addict (in English that would be Junkie)
Occasion - bargain (an item sold at a favourable price), or even: second-hand car. Originally a French loanword with the meaning of "bargain" and pronounced as in French, it is now often pronounced as in English
Oldtimer (also in German) vintage car
Panty (also in Spanish) pantyhose
Playbacken lip-synch (in songs)
Pocketboek or just Pocket for what is commonly known as a paperback
Sheets transparencies or computer presentation slides
Skeeleren inline skating. Sometimes the 5 wheel speedskates are called 'skeelers' in Dutch.
Skelter a pedal-driven soapbox (car)
Smoking (also in many other European languages) is not a smoking jacket in the Edwardian sense, but a dinner jacket or tuxedo
Songtekst ("tekst" being a native Dutch word) (also in German) lyrics
String (also in French, German and Russian) refers exclusively to a G-string
Topfit (also in German) perfectly physically fit
Filipino languages
Main article: Philippine English
Bad shot - To get on someone's bad side or to make a bad impression.
Bad trip - An unfortunate situation. May mean "bummer".
Banca - Outrigger canoe
Bold - May refer to nudity
Bold movie - A movie with nude or sexually-explicit scenes
Chancing - To make a sexual advance
C.R. (Comfort Room) - Toilet, bathroom
Gimmick or Gimik - A night out with friends. Also, any offering during evening hours by clubs, bars and restaurants to lure customers in.
Slang - May refer to strong foreign accents and pronunciation.
Xerox - as noun, it means "a photocopier"; as verb, "to make a photocopy of". From the Xerox brand of photocopiers.
French
Autostop (also in other European languages) hitch-hiking (verb: faire l'autostop "to hitchhike")
Baby Foot Table football
Basket (also in Italian) basketball
Baskets (also in Romanian) sneakers, trainers (basketball shoes)
Body (for infants) (also in Italian and Spanish) onesie
Box (also in Italian) garage
un Break a station wagon (American English) or estate car (British English) - cf. shooting break
Brushing blow dry
Caddie? (IPA:[ka?di]) shopping trolley
Camping (also in other European languages) campsite
Camping-car (also in Japanese) Campervan or "recreational vehicle"
Car (also in Swiss German) coach
Catch professional wrestling.
Clip (Music) video
Dancing (also in Italian) dance hall or dancing-house
Dressing dressing room
Fitness (also in many other European languages) fitness training as a kind of gymnastics
Flipper (also in Dutch, German and Italian) pinball machine
Foot Football (soccer) (In Canadian French, this would refer to Canadian football, or sometimes in context to American football. Association football is le soccer.)
Footing (also in Italian and Spanish) jogging
Jogging Tracksuit (jogging suit)
Just (adj.) (IPA:[?d??st]) tight
Lifting (also in Italian, Romanian and Spanish) facelift
Living living room
Mail (also in Italian) e-mail
Open Space Open plan office
Paper Board Flip chart
Parking (also in Italian, Spanish, Swiss German and Russian) parking lot (car park)
People (sometimes spelt pipeuls, pipols) celebs, also used as adjective (ex. "Il est tr people")
Playback (also in many other European languages) lip-synch (in songs)
Pressing dry cleaning shop
Pull pullover
Recordman, recordwoman (also in Italian) record holder in sports
Relooking makeover
Rugbyman rugby player
Scotch (also in Italian and Russian) adhesive tape (any brand)
Self self-service restaurant
Sig (in cartoons) sigh
Shampooing (IPA:[???.pw??]) shampoo
Slip (also in Italian and Spanish) briefs
Smoking (also in many other European languages) is not a smoking jacket in the Edwardian sense, but a dinner jacket or tuxedo
Speaker or Speakerine radio or TV news announcer
String (also in Dutch, German and Russian) refers exclusively to a G-string
Talkie-walkie walkie-talkie
Tennisman, tenniswoman - Tennis player (male or female)
Ticket Restaurant? (also in Italian) - meal ticket or Luncheon Voucher (in UK)
Top (adj.) brilliant, great
Trench (also in Italian) trench coat
Volley (IPA:[v??.le]) (also in Italian) volleyball
Zapping (also in Italian, Spanish and German) channel surfing
German
Air-Condition abbreviated from Air conditioning
Backshop a bakeshop
Beamer (also in Dutch) video projector
Beauty-Farm (also in Italian) spa
Bodybag backpack (ironically, English has imported the German word Rucksack, which thankfully is the usual German word for "backpack")
Body leotard
checken understand, realize
Car (Switzerland only; also in French)) coach
catchen professional wrestling (from "catch wrestling")
Dressman (also in Dutch) (male) model
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Box and pan brake

yanglulu50 — Thu, 27 Aug 2009 07:54:14 +0200

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The box and pan brake is a metalworking machine that allows the bending of sheet metal to form box and pan shapes, and to form bends and creases in sheet metal. It is also known as a bending machine or bending brake.
Description
This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding reliable references (ideally, using inline citations). Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (February 2009)
The brake consists of a flat surface onto which the material is placed, and a clamping bar which will come down and hold the material firmly during the bend. This clamping action may be manual, automatic or operated using a foot pedal. The front, gate-like, plate of the machine is hinged and may be lifted, forcing the material extended over a straight edge to bend to follow the plate.
Different shapes may be fitted to the clamping bar to permit bending of restricted areas of a piece of sheet metal or of already partially formed pieces.
The bends can be to any angle up to a practical limit of about 120 degrees.
After bending, a box or pan form is then completed by screw, solder, weld, or other metal fixing process.
Sizes of brakes
Brakes come in sizes suitable for light aluminum or brass for small boxes and operated by hand, up to industrial sized and counterwighted hand operated or hydraulic machines suitable for large sheets of steel.
References
^ Box & Pan

v?d?e Metalworking - Fabrication
Fabrication
Pan brake Crimp English Wheel Ironworker Nibbler Sheet metal Soldering
Metalworking topics
Casting CNC Cutting tools Drilling and threading Fabrication Forging Grinding Jewellery Lathe Machining Machine tools and associated tooling Measuring Metalworking Hand tools Metallurgy Milling NC Occupations Press tools Pipe and tube bending Smithing Turning General terminology Welding
Categories: Metal forming | Metalworking fabrication | Metalworking tools | Plastics industry
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Slave beads

yanglulu50 — Wed, 26 Aug 2009 09:59:19 +0200

Jewellery Cases ,
Slave beads (often called Trade beads) were otherwise decorative glass beads used between the 16th and 20th century as a currency to exchange for goods, services and slaves (hence the name). Made to ease the passage of European explorers and then traders mainly across the African continents, the beads were made throughout Europe although the Venetians dominated production. Trade beads are also found in the United States and Canada, and throughout Latin America. The production of slave (trade) beads became so popular that literally tons of these beads were used for this purpose. Beads were used as ballast in slave/trade ships for the outbound trip. The beads and other trade items were exchanged for human cargo as well as ivory, gold and other goods desired in Europe and around the world. The beads traded were not of a set design, but were produced according to demand. Millefiori (thousand flower) beads from Venice, Italy were one of the most commonly traded beads, and are commonly known as "African trade beads." They were produced by creating flowers or stripes from glass canes, that were then cut and moulded onto a core of solid color. Beads such as the kiffa beads of Mauritania are thought to have resulted from women creating powdered glass beads to mimic the appearance of millefiori beads.
The success of this form of currency can largely be attributed to the high intrinsic value African people put upon decorative items. Africans often used beads for currency, (often referred to as african money) and wealth storage, and social status could be easily determined by the quality, quantity and style of jewellery worn. This created a high demand for trade beads in Africa.
External links
"Trade Beads". History, Periods & Styles. Victoria and Albert Museum. http://www.vam.ac.uk/collections/periods_styles/hiddenhistories/tradebeads/index.html. Retrieved on 2008-06-11.

This glass art related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
Categories: Beadwork | Collecting | Glass art | Modern obsolete currencies | Slave trade | Exonumia | Money stubs | Glass stubs To get More information , you can visit some products about light blue pearl, wholesale gemstone jewelry, cubic zirconia jewellery, mobile jewelry, . The Jewellery Cases products should be show more here!

3-inch CD single for Single CD Case

yanglulu50 — Wed, 26 Aug 2009 08:33:01 +0200

061 E Earring ,

3-inch CD Single
Media type
8cm Compact Disc
Usage
Audio storage
The 3-inch CD (also called CD3, in relation to the CD5, or the 5-inch CD single) is a mini compact disc that measures three inches in diameter, rather than the standard five. They are manufactured using the same methods as standard 5-inch CDs, and can be played in most standard audio CD players and CD-ROM drives. The format was first released in the United Kingdom, Japan, U.S.A., France, Germany and Hong Kong in 1988. Although the format was not widely available in the United Kingdom, several artists, such as Garbage, Catatonia, The Sisters of Mercy & R.E.M. have released singles in the format.

Example of an opened Japanese 3" CD Single Snap-Pack cover
Some of the more collectable (8cm) 3" CD singles around today were from Japan called 3" CD Snap-packs, as they could be 'snapped' and folded into a small square rather than being the 6" by 3" inch length type of packaging involved.Most cost about ?1000 about (?5 or $10) at the time of releasing them during the late 80's to early 90's, so many of the artists who released on 3" CDs, are from that era, including Bee Gees, Elton John, Madonna, U2 and George Michael.
US versions were often packaged in cardboard slipcases, either 3" square or 6" by 3" gatefold. Others were released in 5" slimline single cases, which allowed an adapter to be included with the CD.
UK 3" CDs were made mostly in a small square form only, some including a 5" CD adapter to use in normal players.
Most of the 3" CD singles had at least 2 tracks, often comprising of a single version, and an instrumental version.

Standard Mini CD 8cm
From a technical standpoint, a 3-inch CD follows the Redbook standard for CD digital audio. The major difference is that the smaller physical size of the disc allows for fewer data sectors, meaning the disc can store less audio. The majority of audio CD players and CD-ROM drives have a smaller circular indentation in the CD tray for holding these discs. Some slot-loading drives, such as those found in some car CD players and laptop CD-ROM drives, are unable to manipulate the smaller discs.
In the United States and United Kingdom, the format barely lasted into the early 1990s, being replaced by simply putting less music on a regular full size CD, at least among major labels. The full size discs are a more standard manufacturing process and so may end up being cheaper to press. The CD single format continued until 2000 for Japanese releases. As of December 2007, the format is used in small CD runs by a wide range of independent artists and labels, many of which burn 3 inch CDR discs and make the covers themselves.
Contents
1 Technical specifications
2 Labels with CD3 product
3 Trivia
4 See also
5 References

//

Technical specifications
Data: 185MB (versus 650MB on a 12cm CD)
Audio: 21 minutes (versus 74)
Labels with CD3 product
As of December 2007, the following is a select list of independent labels that continue to release new music on the 3-inch CD format:
4th Harmonic
8bitpeoples
12k
Ampoule Records
Awkward Silence
Boltfish
Blocks Recording Club
Bungler 'Music'
The Ceiling
Cactus Island
Chlo?
Climax Golden Twins
Curt
Deathbombarc
Earstroke
Ferns Recording
Hydra Head Records (Pelican (band)'s After the Ceiling Cracked)
Jyrk
Lil' Discs
Mayyrh
Meupe
Nice Weather for Airstrikes
Phantom Limb Recordings
Planaria
Public Guilt
Raster Noton
Room40
Root Don Lonie for Cash
Saddle Creek
Scarcelight
Smallfish Records
Something On The Road
Static Caravan
Sustain Release
Temporary Residence Limited (By the End of Tonight's 3" EPs)
U-Cover
Walnut + locust
Trivia
The slim jewel boxes used for 3" CDs are nearly the same size as 3.5" floppy disks, making storage boxes for 3.5" floppies usable for 3" CDs as well.
See also
Mini CD
CD single
References
^ 80 mm CD: Minus size - plus portability
Categories: 80 mm discs
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PPG Industries for kitchen mat rubber

yanglulu50 — Wed, 26 Aug 2009 06:18:01 +0200

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PPG Industries
Type
Public (NYSE:PPG)
Founded
1883
Founder(s)
John Baptiste FordJohn Pitcairn, Jr.
Headquarters
Pittsburgh, PA, USA
Area served
Worldwide
Key people
Charles E. Bunch(Chairman) & (CEO)
Industry
GlassChemicals
Products
Automobile glassFiberglassPaintsPlate glassAerospace coatingsArchitectural coatingChemicalsIndustrial coatings
Services
Financial services
Market cap
US$ 6.50 billion (2009)
Revenue
? US$ 11.206 billion (2007)
Operating income
? US$ 1.243 billion (2007)
Net income
? US$ 834 million (2007)
Total assets
? US$ 10.067 billion (2007)
Total equity
? US$ 4.151 billion (2007)
Employees
34,900 (2008)
Website
PPG.com
PPG Industries (NYSE:PPG) is an American manufacturer of glass and chemical products, including automotive safety glass. PPG is also the world's third largest producer of chlorine and caustic soda (used in a wide variety of industrial applications), vinyl chloride (for use in polyvinyl chloride resins), and chlorinated solvents. It is headquartered in PPG Place, a popular office and retail complex known for its striking glass facade designed by Philip Johnson. Founded in 1883 by Captain John Baptiste Ford and John Pitcairn as the Pittsburgh Plate Glass Company, the company changed its name to PPG Industries, Inc. on 19 December 1968 to show its diverse offerings. It is located in downtown Pittsburgh. PPG has 125 manufacturing facilities and equity affiliates in more than 20 countries around the globe. On 2 January 2008, PPG acquired the SigmaKalon Group of companies from private investment firm Bain Capital, strongly increasing its paint and specialty coatings business.
Contents
1 Business units
2 Former business units
3 Environmental record
4 See also
5 References
6 External links

//

Business units
PPG's business units include:
Aerospace: Leading supplier of sealants, coatings, aircraft maintenance chemicals, transparent armor, transparencies and application systems, serving original equipment manufacturers and maintenance providers for the commercial, military, regional jet and general aviation industries. Services include chemicals management.
Architectural Coatings: Under the Pittsburgh Paints, Olympic, Porter, Monarch, Lucite and PPG HPC (High Performance Coatings) brands, this unit produces paints, stains and specialty coatings for commercial, maintenance and residential markets. PPG also has many known sales managers; the most known is probably under the name Bill Shaw.
- Pittsburgh Paints - Porter Paints - Olympic Paints and Stains
Architectural Coatings EMEA (Europe, Middle East and Africa): Producer of Sigma, Seigneurie, Johnstone's and other brands of residential and commercial paints for Europe, the Middle East, Africa and French Overseas.
Automotive Coatings: Global supplier of automotive coatings and services to auto and light truck manufacturers. Products include electrocoats, primer surfacers, base coats, clearcoats, pretreatment chemicals, adhesives and sealants.
Automotive Refinish: Produces and markets a full line of coatings products and related services for automotive and fleet repair and refurbishing, light industrial coatings and specialty coatings for signs. Also created and manages CertifiedFirst Network, PPG premier collision-shop alliance.
Chlor-Alkali and Derivatives: Producer of chlorine, caustic soda and related chemicals for use in chemical manufacturing, pulp and paper production, water treatment, plastics production, agricultural products and many other applications.
Fiber Glass: Maker of fiber glass yarn for use in electronics, especially printed circuit boards, and specialty materials, such as insect screening, medical casting and filtration fabrics. Also maker of fiber glass chopped strands, rovings and mat products used as reinforcing agents in thermoset and thermoplastic composite applications.
Industrial Coatings: Produces coatings for appliances, agricultural and construction equipment, consumer products, electronics, heavy-duty trucks, automotive parts and accessories, residential and commercial construction, coil, extrusions, wood flooring, kitchen cabinets and other finished products.
Optical Products: Produces optical monomers, including CR-39 and Trivex lens materials, photochromic dyes, Transitions (http://www.transitions.com) photochromic ophthalmic plastic lenses and polarized film. For product information, visit http://corporateportal.ppg.com/NA/Chemicals/Optical.
Packaging Coatings: Global supplier of coatings, inks, compounds, pretreatment chemicals and lubricants for metal, glass and plastic containers for the beverage, food, general line and specialty packaging industries.
Performance Glazings: Produces glass that is fabricated into products primarily for commercial construction and residential markets, as well as the appliance, mirror and transportation industries. For commercial glass and architectural finishes, visit http://www.ppgIdeascapes.com. For residential glass products, visit http://corporateportal.ppg.com/NA/Glass/ResidentialGlass.
Protective and Marine Coatings: Leading global supplier of corrosion-resistant, appearance-enhancing coatings for the marine, infrastructure, chemical processing, oil and gas, and power industries.
Silicas: Produces amorphous precipitated silicas used to improve strength and durability of tires and other rubber products, reduce gloss and viscosity of paints and varnishes, and enhance free-flow characteristics of powdered food ingredients. Products are also used in battery separator applications. Also manufactures Teslin synthetic printing sheet used in applications such as radio frequency identification (RFID) tags and labels, e-passports, driver's licenses and identification cards.
Former business units
PPG industries also once included:
Biomedical Systems: created by the purchase (in 1986 and 1987) of the medical electronics divisions of Honeywell, Litton Industries, and Allegheny International. The biomedical systems division manufactured cardiac recording equipment, patient-monitoring systems, electrocardiogram instruments, defibrillators, and other products. The division lost money, in part because of high research and development costs, and was split up and sold to several companies during 19931995.
Automotive Replacement Glass and Services fabricated and distributed replacement windshields and auto glass. Provided software and services linking the automotive aftermarket, insurance and fleet industries. Included LYNX Services claims-management solutions, PPG PROSTARS retail auto glass marketing alliance and Aquapel (glass treatment). This business unit was divested in 2007.
Fine Chemicals: Produced advanced intermediates and bulk active ingredients for the pharmaceutical industry, and phosgene derivatives used in plastics, agricultural, pharmaceutical and other industries. This business unit was divested in 2007.
Environmental record
With average more than 2,000,000lb (910,000kg) of air pollution release, PPG Industries is ranked among the biggest air polluters in the nation by The University of Massachusetts study.
Lime Lake Reclamation Project of PPG Industries (Baberton, OH) received special awards in the National Beneficial Use of Biosolids Program from Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) region 5 in 1998. However, the same facility was accused by EPA of clean-air violations later, in 2006. According to the agency report PPG failed to comply with a 1-pound per hour permitted emission limit on volatile organic compounds. The tests done in January and February of the same year...
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Guess (clothing) for jeans diesel indust...

yanglulu50 — Mon, 24 Aug 2009 08:20:01 +0200

High Quality Rim Locks ,

(Redirected from Guess?)

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Guess?, Inc.
Type
Public (NYSE: GES)
Founded
Los Angeles, CA (1981)
Headquarters
Los Angeles, CA
Key people
Paul Marciano, co-chairman, co-CEOMaurice Marciano, co-chairman, co-CEO
Industry
Fashion
Products
Clothing
Revenue
? $1.19 billion (2006)
Net income
? $123.2 million (2006)
Employees
8,800 (2006)
Website
www.guess.comwww.guessinc.com
Guess (styled as GUESS?) is an American name-brand clothing line. It is known for its sexualized advertising campaigns, which have featured explicit black-and-white photographs of fashion models and actresses such as Claudia Schiffer, Valeria Mazza, Adriana Lima, Drew Barrymore, Anna Nicole Smith, Paris Hilton and Jordan.
Guess also markets other fashion accessories besides clothes, such as watches and jewelry. They also own the line Marciano. Claudia Schiffer, Anna Nicole Smith and Drew Barrymore are Guess models.
Contents
1 History
1.1 The beginning
1.2 Stagnation and Controversy
1.3 Upswing
1.4 Today
1.5 Expansion
2 Criticism
3 References
4 External links

//

History
The beginning
Guess was founded by Georges, Armand, Paul, and Maurice Marciano, four brothers born in Ouarzazate, Morocco but who supposedly grew up in the south of France and were influenced by the culture and style in the region. They moved to California in 1977 and founded the company in 1981. Seed money to start the business came from the Nakash family, owners of the Jordache denim empire. Their first product was a three-zipper style of jeans they named "Marilyn" (Style # 1015). Department stores and fashion critics were initially reluctant to carry the new 'stone washed denim' jeans, but in December when Bloomingdale's finally agreed with Georges to stock two dozen pairs of the new jeans as a favor to the brothers. They sold out quickly.
Their advertising campaigns began in 1982, and they introduced their iconic black-and-white ads in 1985. The ads have won numerous Clio Awards. Their fashion models have included a number of widely-recognized supermodels, many of whom first achieved prominence via the ad campaigns. Guess models have included:
Heidi Albertsen
Alessandra Ambrosio
Valeria Avdeyeva
Laura Bailey
Diora Baird*
Bianca Balti
Ana Beatriz Barros
Patricia Barros
Drew Barrymore
Anna Bauman
Sasha Beznosyuk
Veronica Blume
Toshauna Boake
Larissa Bondarenko
Lauren Bowles
Brewer twins
Chris Brown
Carla Bruni
Naomi Campbell
Alissa Fosho
Karen Carreno
Amie Cartwright
Laetitia Casta
Laryssa Castro
Chanel Celaya
Shannan Click
Bree Conden
Adia Coulibaly
Ksenia Deshtchekina
Rhea Durham
Lonneke Engel
Megan Ewing
Roxana Filip
Janelle Fishmann
Beau Garrett
Diana Gartner
Tyrese Gibson
Jill Goodacre
Line G?st
Georgina Grenville
Bridget Hall
Melissa Haro
Eva Herzigova
Paris Hilton
Susan Holmes
Lauren James
Amanda Jensen
Milla Jovovich
Cynthia Kirchner
Martina Klein
Stacey Kwiatkowsky
Dominique Laniel
Suzanne Lanza
Yasmin Le Bon
Estelle Lefure
Adriana Lima
Korina Longin
Bruna Magagna
Shirley Mallmann
Josie Maran
Valeria Mazza
Jessica Miller
Karen Mulder
Sarah Mutch
Rachel Nichols
Thais Oliveria
Julie Ordon
Carr Otis
Daniela Pestova
Rachel Pierce
Tori Praver
No?lle Roques
Claudia Schiffer
Lisa-Marie Schneider
Ingrid Seynhaeve
Irina Sheik
Victoria Silvstedt
Anna Nicole Smith
Kim Smith
Ian Somerhalder
Landi Swanepoel
Helen Swedin
Fabiana Tambosi
Olanna Taskey
Cindy Taylor
Julia Valet
Camilla Vest
Candice Viale
Jessica Van Der Steen
Mark Vanderloo
Veronika Va?ekov
Frederique van der Wal
Minki van der Westhuizen
Shana Zadrick
In the 1985 Spielberg movie "Back to the Future" Marty McFly (Michael J Fox) - wore distinctive Guess denim clothing, rumored to have been designed specially for the movie.

The Guess emblem with the famous question mark in the center.
During the 1980s Guess was one of the most popular brands of jeans. The company was one of the first companies to create designer jeans. While the first jeans were for women, in 1983 a men's line debuted. In 1984 Guess introduced its new line of watches known as "Guess," "Guess Steel," and "Guess Collection (Gc)." The watch line is still in existence today, and has been joined by a number of other accessory sidelines. In 1984, they also introduced a line of baby's clothes, called "Baby Guess."
In the 1990s, they also had a division called Guess Home, which featured bedding collections and a number of towel collections. By the end of the decade, sales dropped and Guess discontinued their home division.
Stagnation and Controversy
After Abigail's line in the 1980s the company began to take a downturn during the nineties, as other companies such as Calvin Klein, Diesel, Tommy Hilfiger, and Gap began rising in popularity. Guess's sales suffered, and its stock dropped dramatically.
As well as increasing competition, Guess also saw a serious tarnishing of its image during this time. More significantly, as awareness of sweatshop use among major corporations grew, Guess was quickly marked as a major offender in this area. In 1992, Guess contractors faced litigation from the US Department of Labor (DOL) due to failure to pay their employees the minimum wage or adequate overtime. Rather than face a court case, $573,000 in back wages was paid to employees.
Soon afterward, Guess promised to monitor their contractors for illegal activity, and the company earned a place on the US DOL's 'Trendsetters List', but this position was suspended several years later in 1996 after independent inspectors found violations of regulations at seven of the company's contractors. In the same year the company was sued by the Union of Needletrades, Industrial and Textile Employees (UNITE), again because of failure to pay the minimum wage or overtime to workers. The settlement, supervised by the US Department of Labor, saw the reinstatement of 8 workers found to have been illegally fired and another $80,000 in back pay given to workers, but almost immediately afterward Guess announced that it was moving its sewing production to Mexico. The company denied that the move was related to these court cases, but its public image continued to suffer.
Throughout the nineties, UNITE continued a public relations campaign against Guess, focusing on the experiences of former employees. Eventually, Guess countered with a defamation suit against Unite and several of its officials, while in 1997 the company ran full-page ads in many major American newspapers claiming that its contractors were 'guaranteed 100% free of sweatshop labour'. The wording of these ads was changed after federal authorities complained that the claims had not been made by anyone in the government and had no official status.
While Guess saw its image severely tarnished in the United States, the company still remained fairly profitable....
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History of Barcelona for Double Sided Fl...

yanglulu50 — Mon, 24 Aug 2009 03:58:01 +0200

Foam Extrusion Plant ,

Medieval stone relief on Porta de Sant Iu, Cathedral of Barcelona.
The history of Barcelona stretches back well over 2000 years to its origins as an Iberian village, named Barkeno. Its easily defensible location on the coastal plain between the Collserola ridge (512m) and the Mediterranean sea, on the coastal route between central Europe and the rest of the Iberian peninsula, has ensured its continued importance, if not always preeminence, throughout the ages.
See also: Barcelona
Barcelona is currently a city of 1,673,075inhabitants (2006), the second largest in Spain, and the capital of the autonomous community of Catalonia. Its wider urban region is home to three-quarters of the population of Catalonia and one-eighth of that of Spain.
Contents
1 Origins
1.1 Legends about the foundation
2 Roman Barcino
3 Paleochristian Barcino
4 Visigothic Barchinona
4.1 Jewish Barchinona
5 Muslim Barshiluna
6 Barcelona in the Spanish March
7 Barcelona under the Crown of Aragon
8 Barcelona under the Spanish monarchy
9 The Second Republic and civil war
10 Franquism
11 Modern Barcelona
12 See also
13 References
14 External links

//

Origins
The origins of the city of Barcelona are unclear. The coastal plain near Barcelona conserves remains from the late Neolithic and early Chalcolithic periods. Later, in the third and second centuries BC, the area was settled by the Laietani, an ?berian people, at Barkeno on the Ter hill (in the present-day Ciutat Vella, or "Old City") and at Laie (or Laiesken), believed to have been located on Montju?c.
Both settlements struck coinage which survives to this day. At around the same period, a small Greek colony, Kallipolis (??????????), was founded in the region, though its exact location is unclear.
The area was occupied in 218 BC, at the start of the Second Punic War, by Carthaginian troops under the leadership of Hannibal Barca. Up until this point, the northern limit of the Punic territories had been the Ebro river, located over 150km to the south.
This military occupation is often cited as the foundation of the modern city of Barcelona, but despite the similarities between the names of the Carthaginian dynasty and the modern city, it is usually accepted that the origin of the name "Barcelona" is the Iberic name Barkeno.
Legends about the foundation
At least two founding myths have been proposed for Barcelona by romantic historians since the fifteenth century. One credits the Carthaginian general Hamilcar Barca, father of Hannibal, with the foundation of the city around 230 BC under the name of Barkenon, Barcelino or Barci Nova. Despite the similarities between the names of this Carthinagean family and the modern city, it is usually accepted that the origin of the name "Barcelona" is the Iberic Barkeno.
The second attributes the foundation of the city to Hercules before the foundation of Rome. During the fourth of his Labours, Hercules joins up with the Jason and the Argonauts in search of the Golden Fleece, travelling across the Mediterranean in nine ships. One of the ships is lost in a storm off the Catalan coast, and Hercules sets out locate it. He finds it wrecked by a small hill, but with crew saved. The crew were so taken by the beauty of the location that they founded a city with the name Barca Nona ("Ninth Ship").
Roman Barcino
Information about the period from 218 BC until the first century BC is scarce. The Roman Republic contested the Carthaginean control of the area, and eventually set out to conquer the whole of the Iberian peninsula in the Cantabrian Wars, a conquest which was declared complete by Caesar Augustus in 19 BC. The north-east of the peninsula was the first region to fall under Roman control, and served as a base for further conquests. While Barcelona was settled by the Romans during this period under the name of Barcino (see below), it was considerably less important than the major centres of Tarraco and Caesaraugusta, known today as Zaragoza.
The name Barcino was formalised around the end of the reign of Caesar Augustus (14 BC. It was a shortened version of the name which had been official up until then, Colonia Faventia Julia Augusta Pia Barcino (also Colonia Julia Augusta Faventia Paterna Barcinoand Colonia Faventia).
As a colonia, it was established to distribute land among retired soldiers. The Roman geographer Pomponius Mela refers to Barcino as one of a number of small settlements under the control of Tarraco. However its strategic position on a branch of the Via Augusta allowed its commercial and economic development, and it enjoyed immunity from imperial taxation.
At the time of Caesar Augustus, Barcino had the form of a castrum, with the usual perpedicular main streets of the Cardus Maximus and the Decumanus Maximus and a central forum located on the Ter hill (25m), site of the iberic Barkeno. The perimeter walls were 1.5km long, enclosing an area of 12ha.
By the second century, the city had the form of an oppidum and a population of 35005000. The main economic activity was the cultivation of the surrounding land, and its wine was widely exported. The archeological remains from the period (sculptures, mosaics, amphorae) indicate a relatively rich population, although the city possessed none of the major public buildings (theatre, amphtheatre, circus) which are found in more important Roman centres such as Tarraco. The one public building which was present was the temple, dedicated to Caesar Augustus and probably constructed at the start of the first century. It was quite large for a city the size of Barcino, 35m by 17.5m, on a podium and surrounded by Corinthian columns.
The first raids by the Germanic tribes started around 250, and the fortifications of the city were substantially improved in the later years of the third century under Claudius II. The new double wall was at least two meters high, up to eight meters in some parts, and was punctuated by seventy-eight towers measuring up to eighteen meters high. The new fortifications were the strongest in the Roman province of the Tarraconensis, and would be important in increasing the importance of Barcino compared with Tarraco.LPK.
Paleochristian Barcino
The first Christian communities in the Tarraconense were founded during the third century, and the diocese of Tarraco was already established by 259, when the bishop Saint Fructuosus (Fructu) and the deacons Augurius and Eulogius were killed on the orders of the emperor Valerian. The Christian community in Barcino appears to have been established in the latter half of the third century.
The persecution of the Christians under Diocletian at the start of the fourth century would lead to at least one martyr in the region of Barcino: Saint Cucuphas (Catalan: Sant Cugat). Apparently of African origin, Cucuphas had evangelised in several areas of the Tarraconense, including Barcino, Egara (modern Terrassa) and Iluro (modern Matar), before being killed at Castrum Octavium (modern Sant Cugat del Vall, just over the Collserola ridge from Barcino/Barcelona). Saint Eulalia (Catalan: Santa Eulia) is also often considered as a martyr from Barcino.
The Edict of Milan in 313 granted a greater freedom of religion to Christians in the Roman Empire and put and end to widespread persecution. The first recorded bishop of Barcino was Praetextatus (Pretextat) (d.360), who attended the synod of Sardica in 347. He was succeeded by Saint Pacian (Catalan: Sant Paci, c.310390) and Lampius (Lampi) (d.400). Pacian is particularly known for his works De baptismo ("On baptism") and Libellus exhortatorius ad poenitentium, about the penitencial system. The first major Paleochristian temple, the Basica de la Santa Cruz at the origin of the modern...
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Frangible nut for Nut Bolt Set

yanglulu50 — Sun, 23 Aug 2009 09:25:01 +0200

Power Supply (Wk-404) ,

The Frangible nut, commonly confused with an explosive bolt, is a component used in many industries, but most commonly by NASA to sever mechanical connections, including the solid rocket boosters (SRB) of the space shuttle, which are bolted to the mobile launcher platform (MLP) until liftoff. It is, by definition, an explosively splittable nut. The bolt remains intact while the nut itself is split in two or more parts. On the shuttle, this is accomplished by using a NASA standard detonator or NSD. The space shuttle uses 2 NSDs for the top nut on each of the four 3.5" diameter bolts holding each SRB to the MLP. Once detonation occurs, the shuttle lifts free of the MLP. Shrapnel and the broken nut are captured by energy absorption material, such as metal foam, to ensure damage to the shuttle does not occur. In case of NSD failure, or incomplete clearance of the nut from the bolt, the SRB has ample thrust to break the bolt itself and launch unhindered.
Frangible Nuts are also used for separation of the two aft structural attachments of the external tank prior to orbital insertion. The attach bolts are driven by the explosive force of the NSDs and a spring into a cavity in the tank strut. The Nuts and all residual pieces of the NSDs are caught in a cover assembly within the shuttle.
This spacecraft or satellite related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
Categories: Spacecraft stubs
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Marissa Moss for Second Hand Notebook

yanglulu50 — Fri, 21 Aug 2009 11:50:01 +0200

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Marissa Moss (born September 29, 1959, Jeannette, Pennsylvania) is an American children's book author.
Contents
1 Work
2 Personal life
3 Awards
3.1 2005
3.2 2004
3.3 2003
3.4 2002
3.5 2001
3.6 1999
3.7 1997
3.8 1996
3.9 1995
3.10 1990
4 External links
5 References

//

Work
Moss's work spans the many ages of a child. She started her first career making picture books. Amelia's Notebook was her first deviation from that format. This book is the format of a journal or diary and is penned in a black and white composition notebook. Moss herself says that she loves this format that she stumbled upon because it allows her to explore the world through a child's eyes. In fact, she says, "The things that happened to Amelia really happened to me--from the fire in the school to the marshmallows on the ceiling though the names have been changed because my sister is mad enough at me already!"
Other books in this series, which traces Amelia's life through the years, are: Amelia Writes Again, Amelia Hits the Road, Amelia Takes Command, The All New Amelia, My Notebook (with help from Amelia), Luv, Amelia, Luv Nadia, Amelia's Family Ties, Amelia Works It Out!, Oh Boy, Amelia!, Amelia Lends a Hand, Amelia's Best Year Ever, Amelia's Book of Notes & Note Passing, Amelia's Sixth Grade Notebook, Dr. Amelia's Boredom Survival Guide, Madame Amelia Tells All, Amelia's Bully Survival Guide, Amelia's Guide to Gossip: The Good, the Bad, and the Ugly, Amelia's 5th-Grade Notebook, and Amelia's Must-Keep Resolutions For The Best Year Ever!. Still to come in the series and slated for publication in 2007 are: The All-New Amelia, Amelia Tells All, Amelia's 7th-Grade Notebook, and Vote 4 Amelia.
She has also written several historical journals, also in diary format. These include an account of a girl's life during the depression entitled, Rose's Journal: The Story of a Girl in the Great Depression.; Rachel's Journal: The Story of a Pioneer Girl; Emma's Journal: The Story of a Colonial Girl; Hannah's Journal: The Story of an Immigrant Girl; and Galen: My Life in Imperial Rome.
Earlier in her career Marissa Moss wrote and illustrated several children's books not in journal format. These include After School Monster, Wanna Play?, But Not Kate, Regina's Big Mistake, Mel's Diner, In America, and The Ugly Menorah, although most of these are now out of print.
Moss has also written books illustrated by C.F. Payne: True Heart, Brave Harriet: The First Woman to Fly the English Channel, and Mighty Jackie: The Strikeout Queen.
Moss illustrated G is For Googol: A Math Alphabet Book, which was written by David Schwartz.
Personal life
Marissa Moss first submitted a book for publication at the age of nine. She attended the University of California, Berkeley and graduated in 1979. She studied art history in graduate school for two years and then attended the California College of Arts and Crafts to study the publishing world. She, like most artists and authors, received many rejections before finally breaking into print with her book,One, Two, Three & Four. No More? published by Houghton Mifflin in 1988. She currently resides in Berkeley, California with her husband and the youngest of her three sons from a previous marriage. Her eldest son is currently studying animation at Northwestern University. Her second son, an aspiring writer, recently graduated from Berkeley High School.
Awards
2005
International Reading Association Teachers' Choices for 2005-2006: Mighty Jackie: the Strike-out Queen
Selected as a nominee for the 2006 Bill Martin Jr. Picture Book Award, sponsored by the Kansas Reading Association: Mighty Jackie: the Strike-out Queen
Selected for the 2005-2006 Louisiana Young Readers' Choice Award Master List: Mighty Jackie: the Strike-out Queen
Placed on the Chickadee Award Master List for 2005-2006 in the state of Maine: Mighty Jackie: the Strike-out Queen
Selected for the 2006 Washington Children's Choice Picture Book Award Master List: Mighty Jackie: the Strike-out Queen
2004
ALA Notable: Mighty Jackie: the Strike-out Queen
Starred Review, Publishers Weekly: Mighty Jackie: the Strike-out Queen
Starred Review, Booklist: Mighty Jackie: the Strike-out Queen
Top Ten Sports Books of the Year, Booklist 2004: Mighty Jackie: the Strike-out Queen
2003
Notable Social Studies Trade Books for Young People, CBC: Galen, My Life in Imperial Rome
LA Times Bestseller List: Max's Log Book
2002
Notable Social Studies Trade Books for Young People: National Council for the Social Studies -- CBC Joint Committee: Brave Harriet, Rose's Journal
Starred Review, Booklist: Brave Harriet
Books for Youth Top Ten Women's History Booklist: Brave Harriet
Children's Choices, Children's Book Council: Oh Boy, Amelia
2001
Society of School Librarians International Honor Books: Hannah's Journal
Best Children's Books of the Year, Bank St. College: Hannah's Journal
Sugarman Family Award for Jewish Children's Literature: Hannah's Journal
National Parenting Publications Gold Award: Amelia's Moving Pictures (Video)
Parent's Guide Children's Media Award: Amelia's Moving Pictures (Video)
ALA Notable Video: Amelia's Moving Pictures (Video)
Starred Review, Publisher's Weekly: Amelia's Moving Pictures (Video)
Parent's Guide Fiction Award: Oh Boy, Amelia
1999
Society of School Librarians International Honor Books: Rachel's Journal
ABC Booksellers Choices: Rachel's Journal
San Francisco Chronicle Bestseller List: Dr. Amelia's Boredom Survival Guide
1997
ABA Pick of the List: Amelia Hits the Road
San Francisco Chronicle Bestseller List: My Notebook with Help from Amelia
1996
ABC Booksellers Choices: Amelia's Notebook
1995
ABA Pick of the List: Amelia's Notebook
Starred Review, Publisher's Weekly: Amelia's Notebook
Child Study Children's Book of the Year: In America
Notable Trade Book in Field of Social Studies, Children's Book Council: In America
1990
Notable Children's Trade Book in Field of Social Studies, National Council of Teachers of Social Studies: Regina's Big Mistake
Reading Rainbow Featured Book: Regina's Big Mistake
Storytime Featured Book: Regina's Big Mistake
External links
Official site
Who Wrote That? Featuring Marissa Moss
Marissa Moss Teacher Resource File
Meet Children's Authors and Illustrators: Marissa Moss
Scholastic Books Author Biography
References
^ http://www.childrenslit.com/f_marissamoss.htm
^ Marissamoss.com
^ Simon & Schuster: Marissa Moss
^ Amazon.com: Rose's Journal: The Story of a Girl in the Great Depression: Books: Marissa Moss
^ http://books.scholastic.com/teachers/authorsandbooks/authorstudies/authorhome.jsp?authorID=65&displayName=Biography
Categories: American children's writers | 1959 births | Living people | People from Berkeley, California | People from Westmoreland County, Pennsylvania
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Presiding Officer of the National Assemb...

yanglulu50 — Fri, 21 Aug 2009 11:10:01 +0200

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Wales

Assembly Government
First Minister: Rhodri Morgan
Deputy First Minister: Ieuan Wyn Jones
Welsh Ministers
Counsel General: Carwyn Jones
National Assembly
Contemporary Welsh Law
Measures list
Legislative Competency Order
Statutory Instruments
Presiding Officer: Dafydd Elis-Thomas
Chief Executive & Clerk: Claire Clancy
Assembly Commission
Members (AMs): 2007
Constituencies and electoral regions
Elections: 1999, 2003, 2007, 2011
Wales in the UK
Her Majesty's Government
Secretary of State: Paul Murphy
Wales Office
Grand Committee
Select Committee
Government of Wales Act 2006
Schedule 5
Constituencies
Acts
Constituencies
Elections: 1979, 1983, 1987, 1992,
? ?1997, 2001, 2005, 2009/10
Wales in the EU
European Parliament
European Parliament constituency
Elections: 1979, 1984, 1989, 1994,
? ?1999, 2004, 2009
Local Government
Subdivisions of Wales
Other countries AtlasPoliticsportal
view?talk?edit
The Presiding Officer of the National Assembly for Wales (Welsh: Llywydd) is the Speaker of the National Assembly for Wales, elected by the Members of the National Assembly for Wales to chair their meetings (plenary sessions); to maintain order; and to protect the rights of Members.
He or she also heads the Corporate Body (known as the Assembly Commission) of the National Assembly for Wales and as such is viewed as a figurehead for the entire organisation. One Deputy Presiding Officer is elected to help fulfil the role. The office of the Presiding Officer is based in Crickhowell House and is also responsible for the Pierhead Building in Cardiff Bay.
Contents
1 Role of the Presiding Officer
2 Presiding Officer
2.1 List of office holders
3 Deputy Presiding Officer
3.1 List of office holders
4 See also

//

Role of the Presiding Officer

Lord Elis-Thomas,Plaid Cymru's two-term presiding officer
The only person to hold the position is Lord Elis-Thomas, appointed in 1999, and then re-appointed in 2003 and 2007.
The main function is to chair plenary sessions of the Assembly, to maintain order and to protect the rights of Members. He or she is responsible for ensuring that business is handled on the basis of equality and impartiality.
The Presiding Officer is also responsible for Standing Orders and is the final authority on their interpretation. The Presiding Officer also acts as Chair of the National Assembly for Wales Commission, and has special responsibility for promoting democratic engagement, leadership, developing the Assembly future legislative powers and external relations
He or she is, along with the Deputy, politically responsible for all aspects of the Presiding Office to which the Standing Orders relate.
The Presiding Officer chairs meetings of the Panel of Subject Committee Chairs, where committee procedures and matters affecting Committee business are discussed. In addition to this, the Presiding Officer acts as the ambassador for the National Assembly, attending speaker conferences and other events in order to publicise and raise the profile of the Assembly
Presiding Officer
List of office holders
Name
Picture
Entered office
Left office
Political party
Notes
The Hon the Lord Elis-Thomas PC AM
May 12, 1999
Plaid Cymru
Appointed in 1999, and then re-appointed in 2003 and 2007.
Deputy Presiding Officer
List of office holders
Name
Picture
Entered office
Left office
Political party
Notes
Jane Davidson AM
May 12, 1999
October 17, 2000
Labour
First Assembly. Resigned from post when she became a Government Minister
John Marek AM
October, 2000
May, 2003
Labour
First Assembly
John Marek AM
May 7, 2003
May, 2007
Forward Wales
Second Assembly
Rosemary Butler AM
May 9, 2007
Incumbent
Labour
Third Assembly
See also
National Assembly for Wales
Assembly Commission
This Wales-related article is a stub. You can help by expanding it.
Categories: Legislative speakers | National Assembly for Wales | Wales stubs | United Kingdom government stubs
Hidden categories: Articles containing Welsh language text
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Doctor Light (Arthur Light) for underwat...

yanglulu50 — Fri, 21 Aug 2009 09:15:01 +0200

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Doctor Light
Dr. Arthur Light, Identity CrisisArt by Rags Morales.
Publication information
Publisher
DC Comics
First appearance
Justice League of America #12 (June 1962)
Created by
Gardner FoxMike Sekowsky
In-story information
Alter ego
Arthur Light
Team affiliations
The SocietyFearsome FiveSuicide SquadInjustice GangInjustice League
Abilities
Light manipulation,Genius level intelligence
Arthur Light is a fictional comic book supervillain appearing in books published by DC Comics. He is the third individual to have adopted the persona of Doctor Light, after a Golden Age foe of Doctor Mid-Nite and Arthur's associate Jacob Finlay. Light, a long-time enemy of the Teen Titans and the Justice League, has been portrayed both as a serious menace and as a company in-joke for incompetent supervillains. His stint as Doctor Light is concurrent with that of a superheroine using the same name, Kimiyo Hoshi.
Contents
1 Fictional character biography
1.1 Origin
1.2 Suicide Squad
1.3 Identity Crisis onwards
1.4 One Year Later and Final Crisis
2 Powers and abilities
3 Comic appearances
4 Other media
4.1 Lois & Clark: The New Adventures of Superman
4.2 Teen Titans animated series
4.3 Justice League: The New Frontier
5 References
6 External links

//

Fictional character biography
Origin
The first Silver Age Doctor Light was a criminal physicist named Dr. Arthur Light, who first appeared in Justice League of America #12. A retcon introduced in Secret Origins #37 revealed that this character was actually the second Dr. Light. According to the retcon, his predecessor was his partner at STAR Labs, a scientist named Jacob Finlay. Finlay created a technologically advanced suit to control light as a minor superhero, but was accidentally killed by Arthur Light near the beginning of his heroic career (though Finlay's death may have been caused by hiding his costume in a computer console, causing it to malfunction). Light took the suit and the "Doctor Light" codename, using them for selfish, criminal means. He has been periodically haunted by Finlay's ghost through the years, but could use the light generated by the suit to drive off this spirit.
Through the Silver and Bronze Ages, Doctor Light was a minor but persistent foe for a number of heroes. He first fought the Justice League and, after he failed to defeat that group, fought their former sidekicks, the Teen Titans. He was also notably beaten by a solo Hal Jordan not long after his defeat by the JLA. He then founded the super-villain team the Fearsome Five, but they were also defeated by the Titans, and Light was violently expelled from the Five by his teammates. Each criminal caper led to Light's defeat (as villains always went down to defeat in the Silver and Bronze Age), but these defeats were used later as the basis of his humiliation that culminated in the events of the Identity Crisis storyline and its aftereffects.
Perhaps Dr. Light's most ignominious defeat was his defeat by Little Boy Blue and his Blue Boys - a group of non-superpowered children.
Suicide Squad

Light as a member of the Suicide Squad. Cover to Suicide Squad #36. Art by Geof Isherwood.
Driven by self-doubt and guilt, thanks in part to Finlay's ghostly presence, he volunteers for the Suicide Squad, a group of incarcerated supervillains who perform dangerous missions for the US government in exchange for clemency. On a mission against the patriotism-themed super-team called the "Force of July", he encounters Sparkler, the Force's youngest member. The presence of a super-powered child reminds him of past defeats and he lashes out, killing Sparkler with a blast through the chest.
During his time with the Squad, Light demonstrates a simple desire to be liked by the other members. He sees his chance when a mysterious pie-armed attacker is on the loose but nobody actually believes Light has been pied.
Finally, Finlay's ghost convinces Light to attempt a heroic turn during a mission where multiple members of the team, some unwillingly, have traveled to Apokolips. Light is swiftly shot dead by Parademons. Light was thus sent to Hell, where he was physically reunited with Finlay. Under the watch of a lesser demon and its annoying assistant, both men were released from Hell in turns and returned to life. Both would only soon die again: Arthur Light suffocates while still inside his grave, while the desiccated Finlay claws his way out of his own grave but was killed by a family of religious vigilantes. Arthur Light was again returned to life, and barely survives a great fall that his demonic tormentors may have intended to be fatal. Arthur also finds time to possess the body of the female Doctor Light, Kimiyo Hoshi. With the aide of her teacher, Kimiyo is able to reject Arthur's presence.
Dr. Light, freed of his ex-partner's hauntings, attempts to rejoin the Suicide Squad, but his appeal was summarily rejected by Amanda Waller.
He later becomes trapped in the Green Lantern's power battery, and as a consequence was temporarily transformed into living light. He later joined a short-lived incarnation of the Injustice Gang, in which he assisted Lex Luthor in building holographic duplicates of the JLA.
Identity Crisis onwards

Zatanna mind-wiping Doctor Light. Art by Brian Bolland.
The controversial 2004 miniseries Identity Crisis retroactively revealed that Doctor Light had, at some point in the past, raped Sue Dibny, the wife of the superhero Elongated Man, on the JLA Satellite. (Later issues revealed that he was a serial rapist with Light bragging that Dibny was not his first victim). After taking a vote (which was not unanimous), the Justice League resolved to alter his mind through the use of Zatanna's magic so that Light would no longer pose a threat to their loved ones. In the process, they accidentally gave him a partial lobotomy, thus explaining how he fell from a plausible foe of the Justice League to a punching bag for the Teen Titans or Little Boy Blue. He later recovered his memories and intellect, and vowed revenge against the Justice League.
When Dr. Light was next seen, he had captured Green Arrow, using him as bait so he could get revenge on the Teen Titans. When the Titans responded to his call and landed at Light's position, he attacked savagely and brutally beat them all. However, after Light easily defeated every other hero who had ever been a Titan, Cyborg appeared and single-handedly defeated him. Batman and Batgirl appeared to take him to prison, but revealed themselves to him to be Deathstroke and Ravager in disguise, and offered Light a place in the new Secret Society of Super Villains, a villainous organization headed by Lex Luthor. Dr. Light, hungry for vengeance and power, readily accepted.
As a Society member, he aided Merlyn and Deathstroke in defeating Green Arrow in Star City. Doctor Light then attacked and absorbed a great deal of power from the female hero Doctor Light, later referring to his treatment of her as raping her (Green Arrow #54). However, Kimiyo Hoshi eventually regained the powers he drained from her and later soundly defeated him in battle during issue #7 of Infinite Crisis.
He later participated in the Battle of Metropolis where he was defeated by the combined efforts of The Ray, Black Canary, Martian Manhunter and the female hero Doctor Light, Kimiyo Hoshi.
One Year Later and Final Crisis
In the Justice League of America Wedding Special, Light was a member of the Injustice League Unlimited. During a battle with the Justice League, fellow Injustice Leaguer Cheetah betrayed him and slashed him in the back because of her hatred of rapists. Shortly after, the entire...
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Depeche Mode tours for home ice machine

yanglulu50 — Fri, 21 Aug 2009 07:28:01 +0200

Veneer Lathe ASW500 (No Spindle) ,

The following are a list of Depeche Mode tours which they have done since 1981 to the present. Note that some performances in 1980 were when they were still called "Composition of Sound" or weren't part of a full-length tour, so they aren't listed here.
Tours
1981: Speak and Spell TourSetlist:
Any Second Now
Photographic
Nodisco
New Life
Puppets
Ice Machine
Big Muff
I Sometimes Wish I Was Dead
Tora! Tora! Tora!
Just Can't Get Enough
Boys Say Go!
What's Your Name?
Television Set
Dreaming Of Me
The Price Of Love
1982: See You TourSetlist:
Shout!
I Sometimes Wish I Was Dead
Boys Say Go!
Puppets
See You
Big Muff
Now This Is Fun
Ice Machine
New Life
Tora! Tora! Tora!
The Meaning Of Love
Just Can't Get Enough
What's Your Name?
Photographic
Dreaming Of Me
I Like It
Television Set (not played on all dates)
1982-1983: Broken Frame TourSetlist:
Oberkorn
My Secret Garden
See You
Satellite
New Life
Boys Say Go!
Tora! Tora! Tora!
Nothing To Fear/Big Muff
Leave In Silence
Shouldn't Have Done That
Monument OR 11. Get The Balance Right
The Meaning Of Love
Just Can't Get Enough
A Photograph Of You
The Sun & The Rainfall
Shout
Photographic
Dreaming Of Me
1983-1984: Construction Time Again TourSetlist:
Everything Counts (instrumental intro)
Everything Counts
Now This Is Fun
Two Minute Warning
Shame
See You
Get The Balance Right!
Love In Itself
Pipeline/Big Muff/People Are People
The Landscape Is Changing
And Then
Photographic
Told You So
New Life
More Than A Party
The Meaning Of Love
Just Can't Get Enough
Boys Say Go!
1984-1985: Some Great Reward TourSetlist:
Master And Servant (instrumental intro)
Something To Do
Two Minute Warning
Puppets
If You Want
People Are People
Leave In Silence
New Life
Shame
Somebody/It Doesn't Matter
Ice Machine/Shake The Disease
Lie To Me
Blasphemous Rumours
Told You So
Master And Servant
Photographic
Everything Counts
See You
Shout
Just Can't Get Enough
1986: Black Celebration TourSetlist:
Christmas Island (intro)
Black Celebration
A Question Of Time
Fly On The Windscreen
Shake The Disease
Leave In Silence
It's Called A Heart
Everything Counts
It Doesn't Matter Two/Somebody
A Question Of Lust
Here Is The House (not played on all dates)
Blasphemous Rumours
New Dress
Stripped
Something To Do
Master And Servant
Photographic
People Are People
Boys Say Go!
Just Can't Get Enough
More Than A Party
1987-1988: Music for the Masses TourSetlist:
Pimpf (intro)
Behind The Wheel
Strangelove
Sacred
Something To Do
Blasphemous Rumours
Stripped
Pipeline/Never Turn Your Back On Mother Earth/Somebody
The Things You Said/It Doesn't Matter
Black Celebration
Shake The Disease
Nothing
Pleasure, Little Treasure/Just Can't Get Enough
People Are People/Master And Servant
A Question Of Time
Never Let Me Down Again
A Question Of Lust
Master And Servant/Just Can't Get Enough
Everything Counts
1990: World Violation TourSetlist:
Kaleid (intro)
World In My Eyes
Halo
Shake The Disease
Everything Counts
Master And Servant
Never Let Me Down Again
Waiting For The Night
I Want You Now/Here Is The House/Little 15
World Full Of Nothing/Sweetest Perfection/Blue Dress
Clean
Stripped
Policy Of Truth
Enjoy the Silence
Strangelove
Personal Jesus
Black Celebration
A Question Of Time
Behind The Wheel
Route 66
1993: Devotional TourSetlist:
Instrumental intro
Higher Love
Policy Of Truth
World In My Eyes
Walking In My Shoes
Behind The Wheel
Halo
Stripped
Condemnation
Judas/A Question Of Lust
Death's Door/One Caress
Mercy In You/Get Right With Me
I Feel You
Never Let Me Down Again
Rush
In Your Room
Personal Jesus
Enjoy The Silence
Fly On The Windscreen/Something To Do/Somebody
Everything Counts
1994: Exotic Tour + Summer '94 TourSetlist:
Instrumental intro
Rush
Halo
Behind The Wheel
Everything Counts
World In My Eyes
Walking In My Shoes
Stripped
Condemnation
I Want You Now/Somebody/Judas/A Question Of Lust/One Caress/Waiting For The Night
In Your Room
Never Let Me Down Again
I Feel You
Personal Jesus
Fly On The Windscreen
Enjoy The Silence
Policy Of Truth OR Clean
A Question Of Time
1998: The Singles 86-98 TourSetlist:
Painkiller (intro)
A Question Of Time
World In My Eyes
Policy Of Truth
It's No Good
Never Let Me Down Again
Walking In My Shoes
Only When I Lose Myself
A Question Of Lust/Sister Of Night
Home
Condemnation
In Your Room
Useless
Enjoy The Silence
Personal Jesus
Barrel Of A Gun
Somebody
Stripped/Behind The Wheel
I Feel You
Just Can't Get Enough
2001-2002: Exciter TourSetlist:
Easy Tiger-Dream On (instrumental intro)
The Dead Of Night
The Sweetest Condition
Halo
Walking In My Shoes
Dream On
When The Body Speaks
Waiting For The Night
The Bottom Line/Surrender/Dressed In Black/Sister Of Night/Condemnation/Judas/It Doesn't Matter Two/Somebody
Breathe
Freelove
Enjoy The Silence
I Feel You
In Your Room
It's No Good
I Feel Loved (not played on all dates)
Personal Jesus
World Full Of Nothing (only on the last show)
Home
Clean/Condemnation
Black Celebration
Never Let Me Down Again
2005-2006: Touring the Angel
Setlist 1:
Instrumental intro
A Pain That I'm Used To
John The Revelator
A Question Of Time
Policy Of Truth
Precious
Walking In My Shoes
Suffer Well
Damaged People/Macro
Home
I Want It All
The Sinner In Me
I Feel You
Behind The Wheel
World In My Eyes
Personal Jesus
Enjoy The Silence
Somebody/A Question Of Lust/Shake The Disease/Leave In Silence
Just Can't Get Enough
Everything Counts
Never Let Me Down Again
Goodnight Lovers
Setlist 2:
Instrumental intro
A Pain That I'm Used To
A Question Of Time
Suffer Well
Precious
Walking In My Shoes
Stripped
Home
It Doesn't Matter Two/Judas/Blue Dress
In Your Room
Nothing's Impossible/The Sinner In Me
John The Revelator
I Feel You
Behind The Wheel
World In My Eyes
Personal Jesus
Enjoy The Silence
Shake The Disease/Leave In Silence/Judas/It Doesn't Matter Two/Somebody
Photographic/Just Can't Get Enough
Never Let Me Down Again
2009: Tour of the Universe
Setlist:
Instrumental intro
Wrong
Peace
People Are People
World In My Eyes
..
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Galoter process for burnham gas boiler

yanglulu50 — Fri, 21 Aug 2009 05:08:01 +0200

LED Pin ,

The Galoter process (also known as TSK, UTT, or SHC) is an above-ground retorting technology for oil shale extraction, which uses fine particles of oil shale that are heated in a rotating kiln. It uses hot oil shale ash to heat raw oil shale.
Contents
1 History
2 Technology
3 Commercial use
4 See also
5 References

//

History
The first Galoter-type retorts with a solid heat carrier were built at Kivi?li, Estonia, in 1953 and 1963 (closed in 1963 and 1981 respectively). The Narva Oil Plant with two Galoter-type retorts was commissioned in 1980 near the Eesti Power Plant in Narva, Estonia. These retorts were developed in cooperation with the Moscow Power Engineering Institute.
Technology
The Galoter process is classified as a hot recycled solids technology using feed oil shale of the size less than 25millimetres (1.0in) in diameter. It uses a horizontal, slightly declined cylindrical rotating kiln-type retort. The crushed oil shale is passed by belt conveyors to raw oil shale bins arranged on the screw conveyors from where it is poured into the the aerofountain drier. Dry oil shale is transported to the mixer chamber. Ash is produced by combustion of spent shale in a separate furnace. The resulting hot ash of 800 (1,470) is mixed with dried oil shale particles to cause decomposition.
The temperature of decomposition in the Galoter retort is 520 (970). The hot flue gas leaving from the cyclone is introduced to the waste heat boiler and then to the fluidized drier for drying the oil shale feed. Oil vapor is withdrawn and condensed to yield liquid fuel and non-condensable fraction is considered a medium-energy fuel gas. The thermal efficiency of the Galoter process is high and technological chemical efficiency accounts for 7378%. Oil recovery ratio is high; oil yield reaches 8590% of Fischer Assay and retort gas yield accounts for 48cubic meters per tonne. Oil quality is good.
This process creates less pollution than internal combustion technologies, as it uses less water, but it still generates carbon dioxide as also carbon disulfide and calcium sulfide. Also the equipment is complicated and capacity factors are relatively low.
Commercial use
Two Galoter retorts are used for oil production by Narva Oil Plant, a subsidiary of the Estonian energy company Eesti Energia. Both retorts process 125tonnes per hour of oil shale. The company plans to construct two additional units in Estonia, beginning in 2009. In addition, Eesti Energia has made plans to build a Galoter plant in Jordan; the construction is slated to begin by 2015. VKG Oil, a subsidiary of Viru Keemia Grupp, is considering construction of a Galoter process plant engineered by Atomenergoproject of Saint Petersburg.
See also
Oil shale in Estonia
Alberta Taciuk Process
Petrosix process
Kiviter process
TOSCO II process
Fushun process
References
^ a b Soone, Ji; Hella Riisalu, Ljudmilla Kekisheva, Svjatoslav Doilov (2006-11-07). "Environmentally sustainable use of energy and chemical potential of oil shale" (PDF)., Amman, Jordan: International Oil Shale Conference. Retrieved on 2008-12-06. "Dry oil shale leaves the drier at temperature up to 135 oC and then is mixed with solid heat carrier hot ash (750 800 oC) at a ratio of 1,8/1. The ash is obtained by combustion of retorting residue in a separate furnace. Mixture of oil shale and heat carrier is fed into a horizontal rotating retort."
^ a b c Golubev, Nikolai (2003). "Solid heat carrier technology for oil shale retorting" (PDF). Oil Shale. A Scientific-Technical Journal (Estonian Academy Publishers) 20 (3 Special): 324332. ISSN 0208-189X. http://www.kirj.ee/public/oilshale/6_golubev_2003_3s.pdf. Retrieved on 2008-12-14.
^ a b Ots, Arvo (2006) . Toni Tyson; Mary McQuillen. ed (PDF). Oil Shale Fuel Combustion. Tallinn: Arv Ots; Eesti Energia. pp.1317. ISBN 9789949137101. http://deepthought.ttu.ee/soojus/monograafiad/AOts_Oil%20Shale%20Fuel%20Combustion_web%20sisu.pdf. Retrieved on 2008-12-06.
^ a b c d Jaber, Jamel O. (2008). "Future Policies and Strategies for Oil Shale Development in Jordan" (PDF). Jordan Journal of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering 2 (1): pp. 3144. ISSN 1995-6665. http://jjmie.hu.edu.jo/files/V2/004-v2-1.pdf. Retrieved on 2008-12-06.
^ Burnham, Alan K.; McConaghy, James R. (2006-10-16) (PDF). Comparison of the acceptability of various oil shale processes. Golden: 26th Oil shale symposium. UCRL-CONF-226717. https://e-reports-ext.llnl.gov/pdf/341283.pdf. Retrieved on 2008-12-06.
^ a b c Qian, Jialin; Wang Jianqiu (2006-11-07). "World oil shale retorting technologies" (PDF)., Amman, Jordan: International Oil Shale Conference. Retrieved on 2008-12-13.
^ Koel, Mihkel (1999). "Estonian oil shale". Oil Shale. A Scientific-Technical Journal (Estonian Academy Publishers) (Extra). ISSN 0208-189X. http://www.kirj.ee/public/oilshale/Est-OS.htm. Retrieved on 2008-12-06.
^ M?lder, Leevi (2004). "Estonian Oil Shale Retorting Industry at a Crossroads" (PDF). Oil Shale. A Scientific-Technical Journal (Estonian Academy Publishers) 21 (2): 9798. ISSN 0208-189X. http://www.kirj.ee/public/oilshale/1_ed_page_2004_2.pdf. Retrieved on 2008-11-23.
^ (PDF)Strategic significance of America oil shale resource. Volume II: Oil shale resources, technology and economics. Office of Deputy Assistant Secretary for Petroleum Reserves; Office of Naval Petroleum and Oil Shale Reserves; United States Department of Energy. 2004. http://www.fossil.energy.gov/programs/reserves/npr/publications/npr_strategic_significancev2.pdf. Retrieved on 2008-11-23.
^ Liive, Sandor (2007). "Oil Shale Energetics in Estonia" (PDF). Oil Shale. A Scientific-Technical Journal (Estonian Academy Publishers) 24 (1): 14. ISSN 0208-189X. http://www.kirj.ee/public/oilshale/oil-2007-1-1.pdf. Retrieved on 2007-06-24.
^ (PDF)Annual Report 2007/2008. Eesti Energia. 2008. http://www.energia.ee/fileadmin/files/dokumendid/annual_report/annual_report_2007-2008.pdf. Retrieved on 2008-08-15.
^ "Jordan Oil Shale Project". Omar Al-Ayed, Balqa Applied University. 2008. http://www.jordanoilshale.net/page4.aspx. Retrieved on 2008-08-15.
^ "New shale oil line for VKG Oil AS" (PDF). Rintekno Newsletter (Rintekno Oy) 20. 2006. http://www.rintekno.fi/easydata/customers/rintekno/files/pdf_publications/newsletter2006.pdf. Retrieved on 2008-12-13.
Categories: Oil shale technology | Energy in Estonia
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