Fitness Package Health Food , 
Types of cartons
Folding Cartons
Typical blank for folding carton
A carton is a type of packaging suitable for food, pharmaceuticals, hardware, and many other types of products.
Folding cartons are usually combined into a tube at the manufacturer and shipped flat (knocked down) to the packager.
Tray styles have a solid bottom and are often shipped as flat blanks and assembled by the packager. Some also are self-erecting.
High speed equipment is available to set-up, load, and close the cartons.
Egg Carton
Egg Cartons
Egg cartons or trays are designed to protect whole eggs while in transit.
Traditionally these have been made of molded pulp. This uses recycled newsprint which is molded into a shape which protects the eggs.
More recently egg cartons have also be made from expanded polystyrene (similar to styrofoam) and PET.
Aseptic carton
French milk carton
Cartons for liquids can be fabricated from laminates of paperboard, foil, and polyethylene. Most are based on either Tetra Pak or Combibloc systems.
One option is to have the printed laminate supplied on a roll. The carton is cut, scorred, and formed at the packager , empty perfume bottle .
A second option is to have the pre-assembled tubes delivered to the packager for completion and filling , cream bottle .
These are suited for aseptic processing and are used for milk, soup, juice, etc , esd bag .
Gable to , dispenser pump .
Gable top cartons
Gable top cartons are often used for liquid products such as milk, juice, etc. These used polyethylene-coated paperboard and sometimes a foil laminate.
Most are opened by pushing open the gables at the top. Some have fitments to assist in opening and pouring the contents.
Packaging history
An early American packaging industry pioneer was the Kieckhefer Container Company, which was run by John W. Kieckhefer. The company excelled in the use of fibre shipping containers, which especially included the paper milk carton. In 1957, through an exchange of stock, the Kieckhefer Container Co. holdings were merged with the Weyerhauser Timber Company of Tacoma, Washington.
Shape
Although quite often shaped like a cuboid, it is not uncommon to find cartons lacking right angles and straight edges, as in squrounds used for ice cream. The number of corners on any given carton is a function of the product it contains. For example, a product with eight vertices would require a box also with eight corners.
Tetrahedrons and other shapes are available. Cartons with a hexagonal or octagonal cross sections are sometimes used for specialty items.
Materials
Cartons can be made from many materials: paperboard, various plastics, or a composite. Some are "food grade" for direct contact with foods.
Many cartons are made out of a single piece of paperboard. Depending on the need, this paperboard can be waxed or coated with polyethylene to form a moisture barrier. This may serve to contain a liquid product or keep a powder dry.
Artistic design
In art history, the carton (pronounced the French way) was a drawing on ordinary cardboard, used as life-size design for the manufacture in an atelier of a valuable tapestry, such as a gobelin. During the weaving it hung behind the tapestry in the making, a time-consuming process thus in a creative sense simplified to 'mechanical' painting-by-numbers.
As these were extremely valuable, often commanded by the very richest art-buyers, including princes who hung them in their palaces and even took them on their travels as prestigious displays of wealth, often with a visual message, especially the world-famous Flemish ateliers were deemed worthy to have cartons made by some of the greatest graphic artists of the time, including such celebrated painters as Rubens.
Carton-pierre
Carton-pierre, French for 'stone carton', is a term used for papier mch decorated to resemble stone, wood, or metal, and used as ornamentation.
Sources
Brody, A. L., and Marsh, K, S., "Encyclopedia of Packaging Technology", John Wiley & Sons, 1997, ISBN 0-471-06397-5
See also
Box
Corrugated fiberboard Box
Egg carton
Liquid packaging board
Paperboard
Packaging and labelling
Categories: Paperboard packagingHidden categories: Wikipedia articles incorporating text from the 1911 Encyclopdia Britannica
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3-inch CD Single
Media type
8cm Compact Disc
Usage
Audio storage
The 3-inch CD (also called CD3, in relation to the CD5, or the 5-inch CD single) is a mini compact disc that measures three inches in diameter, rather than the standard five. They are manufactured using the same methods as standard 5-inch CDs, and can be played in most standard audio CD players and CD-ROM drives. The format was first released in the United Kingdom, Japan, U.S.A., France, Germany and Hong Kong in 1988. Although the format was not widely available in the United Kingdom, several artists, such as Garbage, Catatonia, The Sisters of Mercy & R.E.M. have released singles in the format.
Example of an opened Japanese 3" CD Single Snap-Pack cover
Some of the more collectable (8cm) 3" CD singles around today were from Japan called 3" CD Snap-packs, as they could be 'snapped' and folded into a small square rather than being the 6" by 3" inch length type of packaging involved.Most cost about ?1000 about (?5 or $10) at the time of releasing them during the late 80's to early 90's, so many of the artists who released on 3" CDs, are from that era, including Bee Gees, Elton John, Madonna, U2 and George Michael.
US versions were often packaged in cardboard slipcases, either 3" square or 6" by 3" gatefold. Others were released in 5" slimline single cases, which allowed an adapter to be included with the CD.
UK 3" CDs were made mostly in a small square form only, some including a 5" CD adapter to use in normal players.
Most of the 3" CD singles had at least 2 tracks, often comprising of a single version, and an instrumental version.
Standard Mini CD 8cm
From a technical standpoint, a 3-inch CD follows the Redbook standard for CD digital audio. The major difference is that the smaller physical size of the disc allows for fewer data sectors, meaning the disc can store less audio. The majority of audio CD players and CD-ROM drives have a smaller circular indentation in the CD tray for holding these discs. Some slot-loading drives, such as those found in some car CD players and laptop CD-ROM drives, are unable to manipulate the smaller discs.
In the United States and United Kingdom, the format barely lasted into the early 1990s, being replaced by simply putting less music on a regular full size CD, at least among major labels. The full size discs are a more standard manufacturing process and so may end up being cheaper to press. The CD single format continued until 2000 for Japanese releases. As of December 2007, the format is used in small CD runs by a wide range of independent artists and labels, many of which burn 3 inch CDR discs and make the covers themselves.
Contents
1 Technical specifications
2 Labels with CD3 product
3 Trivia
4 See also
5 References
//
Technical specifications
Data: 185MB (versus 650MB on a 12cm CD)
Audio: 21 minutes (versus 74)
Labels with CD3 product
As of December 2007, the following is a select list of independent labels that continue to release new music on the 3-inch CD format:
4th Harmonic
8bitpeoples
12k
Ampoule Records
Awkward Silence
Boltfish
Blocks Recording Club
Bungler 'Music'
The Ceiling
Cactus Island
Chlo?
Climax Golden Twins
Curt
Deathbombarc
Earstroke
Ferns Recording
Hydra Head Records (Pelican (band)'s After the Ceiling Cracked)
Jyrk
Lil' Discs
Mayyrh
Meupe
Nice Weather for Airstrikes
Phantom Limb Recordings
Planaria
Public Guilt
Raster Noton
Room40
Root Don Lonie for Cash
Saddle Creek
Scarcelight
Smallfish Records
Something On The Road
Static Caravan
Sustain Release
Temporary Residence Limited (By the End of Tonight's 3" EPs)
U-Cover
Walnut + locust
Trivia
The slim jewel boxes used for 3" CDs are nearly the same size as 3.5" floppy disks, making storage boxes for 3.5" floppies usable for 3" CDs as well.
See also
Mini CD
CD single
References
^ 80 mm CD: Minus size - plus portability
Categories: 80 mm discs
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PPG Industries
Type
Public (NYSE:PPG)
Founded
1883
Founder(s)
John Baptiste FordJohn Pitcairn, Jr.
Headquarters
Pittsburgh, PA, USA
Area served
Worldwide
Key people
Charles E. Bunch(Chairman) & (CEO)
Industry
GlassChemicals
Products
Automobile glassFiberglassPaintsPlate glassAerospace coatingsArchitectural coatingChemicalsIndustrial coatings
Services
Financial services
Market cap
US$ 6.50 billion (2009)
Revenue
? US$ 11.206 billion (2007)
Operating income
? US$ 1.243 billion (2007)
Net income
? US$ 834 million (2007)
Total assets
? US$ 10.067 billion (2007)
Total equity
? US$ 4.151 billion (2007)
Employees
34,900 (2008)
Website
PPG.com
PPG Industries (NYSE:PPG) is an American manufacturer of glass and chemical products, including automotive safety glass. PPG is also the world's third largest producer of chlorine and caustic soda (used in a wide variety of industrial applications), vinyl chloride (for use in polyvinyl chloride resins), and chlorinated solvents. It is headquartered in PPG Place, a popular office and retail complex known for its striking glass facade designed by Philip Johnson. Founded in 1883 by Captain John Baptiste Ford and John Pitcairn as the Pittsburgh Plate Glass Company, the company changed its name to PPG Industries, Inc. on 19 December 1968 to show its diverse offerings. It is located in downtown Pittsburgh. PPG has 125 manufacturing facilities and equity affiliates in more than 20 countries around the globe. On 2 January 2008, PPG acquired the SigmaKalon Group of companies from private investment firm Bain Capital, strongly increasing its paint and specialty coatings business.
Contents
1 Business units
2 Former business units
3 Environmental record
4 See also
5 References
6 External links
//
Business units
PPG's business units include:
Aerospace: Leading supplier of sealants, coatings, aircraft maintenance chemicals, transparent armor, transparencies and application systems, serving original equipment manufacturers and maintenance providers for the commercial, military, regional jet and general aviation industries. Services include chemicals management.
Architectural Coatings: Under the Pittsburgh Paints, Olympic, Porter, Monarch, Lucite and PPG HPC (High Performance Coatings) brands, this unit produces paints, stains and specialty coatings for commercial, maintenance and residential markets. PPG also has many known sales managers; the most known is probably under the name Bill Shaw.
- Pittsburgh Paints - Porter Paints - Olympic Paints and Stains
Architectural Coatings EMEA (Europe, Middle East and Africa): Producer of Sigma, Seigneurie, Johnstone's and other brands of residential and commercial paints for Europe, the Middle East, Africa and French Overseas.
Automotive Coatings: Global supplier of automotive coatings and services to auto and light truck manufacturers. Products include electrocoats, primer surfacers, base coats, clearcoats, pretreatment chemicals, adhesives and sealants.
Automotive Refinish: Produces and markets a full line of coatings products and related services for automotive and fleet repair and refurbishing, light industrial coatings and specialty coatings for signs. Also created and manages CertifiedFirst Network, PPG premier collision-shop alliance.
Chlor-Alkali and Derivatives: Producer of chlorine, caustic soda and related chemicals for use in chemical manufacturing, pulp and paper production, water treatment, plastics production, agricultural products and many other applications.
Fiber Glass: Maker of fiber glass yarn for use in electronics, especially printed circuit boards, and specialty materials, such as insect screening, medical casting and filtration fabrics. Also maker of fiber glass chopped strands, rovings and mat products used as reinforcing agents in thermoset and thermoplastic composite applications.
Industrial Coatings: Produces coatings for appliances, agricultural and construction equipment, consumer products, electronics, heavy-duty trucks, automotive parts and accessories, residential and commercial construction, coil, extrusions, wood flooring, kitchen cabinets and other finished products.
Optical Products: Produces optical monomers, including CR-39 and Trivex lens materials, photochromic dyes, Transitions (http://www.transitions.com) photochromic ophthalmic plastic lenses and polarized film. For product information, visit http://corporateportal.ppg.com/NA/Chemicals/Optical.
Packaging Coatings: Global supplier of coatings, inks, compounds, pretreatment chemicals and lubricants for metal, glass and plastic containers for the beverage, food, general line and specialty packaging industries.
Performance Glazings: Produces glass that is fabricated into products primarily for commercial construction and residential markets, as well as the appliance, mirror and transportation industries. For commercial glass and architectural finishes, visit http://www.ppgIdeascapes.com. For residential glass products, visit http://corporateportal.ppg.com/NA/Glass/ResidentialGlass.
Protective and Marine Coatings: Leading global supplier of corrosion-resistant, appearance-enhancing coatings for the marine, infrastructure, chemical processing, oil and gas, and power industries.
Silicas: Produces amorphous precipitated silicas used to improve strength and durability of tires and other rubber products, reduce gloss and viscosity of paints and varnishes, and enhance free-flow characteristics of powdered food ingredients. Products are also used in battery separator applications. Also manufactures Teslin synthetic printing sheet used in applications such as radio frequency identification (RFID) tags and labels, e-passports, driver's licenses and identification cards.
Former business units
PPG industries also once included:
Biomedical Systems: created by the purchase (in 1986 and 1987) of the medical electronics divisions of Honeywell, Litton Industries, and Allegheny International. The biomedical systems division manufactured cardiac recording equipment, patient-monitoring systems, electrocardiogram instruments, defibrillators, and other products. The division lost money, in part because of high research and development costs, and was split up and sold to several companies during 19931995.
Automotive Replacement Glass and Services fabricated and distributed replacement windshields and auto glass. Provided software and services linking the automotive aftermarket, insurance and fleet industries. Included LYNX Services claims-management solutions, PPG PROSTARS retail auto glass marketing alliance and Aquapel (glass treatment). This business unit was divested in 2007.
Fine Chemicals: Produced advanced intermediates and bulk active ingredients for the pharmaceutical industry, and phosgene derivatives used in plastics, agricultural, pharmaceutical and other industries. This business unit was divested in 2007.
Environmental record
With average more than 2,000,000lb (910,000kg) of air pollution release, PPG Industries is ranked among the biggest air polluters in the nation by The University of Massachusetts study.
Lime Lake Reclamation Project of PPG Industries (Baberton, OH) received special awards in the National Beneficial Use of Biosolids Program from Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) region 5 in 1998. However, the same facility was accused by EPA of clean-air violations later, in 2006. According to the agency report PPG failed to comply with a 1-pound per hour permitted emission limit on volatile organic compounds. The tests done in January and February of the same year...
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(Redirected from Guess?)
A major contributor to this article appears to have a conflict of interest with its subject. It may require cleanup to comply with Wikipedia's content policies, particularly neutral point of view. Please discuss further on the talk page. (January 2009)
Guess?, Inc.
Type
Public (NYSE: GES)
Founded
Los Angeles, CA (1981)
Headquarters
Los Angeles, CA
Key people
Paul Marciano, co-chairman, co-CEOMaurice Marciano, co-chairman, co-CEO
Industry
Fashion
Products
Clothing
Revenue
? $1.19 billion (2006)
Net income
? $123.2 million (2006)
Employees
8,800 (2006)
Website
www.guess.comwww.guessinc.com
Guess (styled as GUESS?) is an American name-brand clothing line. It is known for its sexualized advertising campaigns, which have featured explicit black-and-white photographs of fashion models and actresses such as Claudia Schiffer, Valeria Mazza, Adriana Lima, Drew Barrymore, Anna Nicole Smith, Paris Hilton and Jordan.
Guess also markets other fashion accessories besides clothes, such as watches and jewelry. They also own the line Marciano. Claudia Schiffer, Anna Nicole Smith and Drew Barrymore are Guess models.
Contents
1 History
1.1 The beginning
1.2 Stagnation and Controversy
1.3 Upswing
1.4 Today
1.5 Expansion
2 Criticism
3 References
4 External links
//
History
The beginning
Guess was founded by Georges, Armand, Paul, and Maurice Marciano, four brothers born in Ouarzazate, Morocco but who supposedly grew up in the south of France and were influenced by the culture and style in the region. They moved to California in 1977 and founded the company in 1981. Seed money to start the business came from the Nakash family, owners of the Jordache denim empire. Their first product was a three-zipper style of jeans they named "Marilyn" (Style # 1015). Department stores and fashion critics were initially reluctant to carry the new 'stone washed denim' jeans, but in December when Bloomingdale's finally agreed with Georges to stock two dozen pairs of the new jeans as a favor to the brothers. They sold out quickly.
Their advertising campaigns began in 1982, and they introduced their iconic black-and-white ads in 1985. The ads have won numerous Clio Awards. Their fashion models have included a number of widely-recognized supermodels, many of whom first achieved prominence via the ad campaigns. Guess models have included:
Heidi Albertsen
Alessandra Ambrosio
Valeria Avdeyeva
Laura Bailey
Diora Baird*
Bianca Balti
Ana Beatriz Barros
Patricia Barros
Drew Barrymore
Anna Bauman
Sasha Beznosyuk
Veronica Blume
Toshauna Boake
Larissa Bondarenko
Lauren Bowles
Brewer twins
Chris Brown
Carla Bruni
Naomi Campbell
Alissa Fosho
Karen Carreno
Amie Cartwright
Laetitia Casta
Laryssa Castro
Chanel Celaya
Shannan Click
Bree Conden
Adia Coulibaly
Ksenia Deshtchekina
Rhea Durham
Lonneke Engel
Megan Ewing
Roxana Filip
Janelle Fishmann
Beau Garrett
Diana Gartner
Tyrese Gibson
Jill Goodacre
Line G?st
Georgina Grenville
Bridget Hall
Melissa Haro
Eva Herzigova
Paris Hilton
Susan Holmes
Lauren James
Amanda Jensen
Milla Jovovich
Cynthia Kirchner
Martina Klein
Stacey Kwiatkowsky
Dominique Laniel
Suzanne Lanza
Yasmin Le Bon
Estelle Lefure
Adriana Lima
Korina Longin
Bruna Magagna
Shirley Mallmann
Josie Maran
Valeria Mazza
Jessica Miller
Karen Mulder
Sarah Mutch
Rachel Nichols
Thais Oliveria
Julie Ordon
Carr Otis
Daniela Pestova
Rachel Pierce
Tori Praver
No?lle Roques
Claudia Schiffer
Lisa-Marie Schneider
Ingrid Seynhaeve
Irina Sheik
Victoria Silvstedt
Anna Nicole Smith
Kim Smith
Ian Somerhalder
Landi Swanepoel
Helen Swedin
Fabiana Tambosi
Olanna Taskey
Cindy Taylor
Julia Valet
Camilla Vest
Candice Viale
Jessica Van Der Steen
Mark Vanderloo
Veronika Va?ekov
Frederique van der Wal
Minki van der Westhuizen
Shana Zadrick
In the 1985 Spielberg movie "Back to the Future" Marty McFly (Michael J Fox) - wore distinctive Guess denim clothing, rumored to have been designed specially for the movie.
The Guess emblem with the famous question mark in the center.
During the 1980s Guess was one of the most popular brands of jeans. The company was one of the first companies to create designer jeans. While the first jeans were for women, in 1983 a men's line debuted. In 1984 Guess introduced its new line of watches known as "Guess," "Guess Steel," and "Guess Collection (Gc)." The watch line is still in existence today, and has been joined by a number of other accessory sidelines. In 1984, they also introduced a line of baby's clothes, called "Baby Guess."
In the 1990s, they also had a division called Guess Home, which featured bedding collections and a number of towel collections. By the end of the decade, sales dropped and Guess discontinued their home division.
Stagnation and Controversy
After Abigail's line in the 1980s the company began to take a downturn during the nineties, as other companies such as Calvin Klein, Diesel, Tommy Hilfiger, and Gap began rising in popularity. Guess's sales suffered, and its stock dropped dramatically.
As well as increasing competition, Guess also saw a serious tarnishing of its image during this time. More significantly, as awareness of sweatshop use among major corporations grew, Guess was quickly marked as a major offender in this area. In 1992, Guess contractors faced litigation from the US Department of Labor (DOL) due to failure to pay their employees the minimum wage or adequate overtime. Rather than face a court case, $573,000 in back wages was paid to employees.
Soon afterward, Guess promised to monitor their contractors for illegal activity, and the company earned a place on the US DOL's 'Trendsetters List', but this position was suspended several years later in 1996 after independent inspectors found violations of regulations at seven of the company's contractors. In the same year the company was sued by the Union of Needletrades, Industrial and Textile Employees (UNITE), again because of failure to pay the minimum wage or overtime to workers. The settlement, supervised by the US Department of Labor, saw the reinstatement of 8 workers found to have been illegally fired and another $80,000 in back pay given to workers, but almost immediately afterward Guess announced that it was moving its sewing production to Mexico. The company denied that the move was related to these court cases, but its public image continued to suffer.
Throughout the nineties, UNITE continued a public relations campaign against Guess, focusing on the experiences of former employees. Eventually, Guess countered with a defamation suit against Unite and several of its officials, while in 1997 the company ran full-page ads in many major American newspapers claiming that its contractors were 'guaranteed 100% free of sweatshop labour'. The wording of these ads was changed after federal authorities complained that the claims had not been made by anyone in the government and had no official status.
While Guess saw its image severely tarnished in the United States, the company still remained fairly profitable....
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Medieval stone relief on Porta de Sant Iu, Cathedral of Barcelona.
The history of Barcelona stretches back well over 2000 years to its origins as an Iberian village, named Barkeno. Its easily defensible location on the coastal plain between the Collserola ridge (512m) and the Mediterranean sea, on the coastal route between central Europe and the rest of the Iberian peninsula, has ensured its continued importance, if not always preeminence, throughout the ages.
See also: Barcelona
Barcelona is currently a city of 1,673,075inhabitants (2006), the second largest in Spain, and the capital of the autonomous community of Catalonia. Its wider urban region is home to three-quarters of the population of Catalonia and one-eighth of that of Spain.
Contents
1 Origins
1.1 Legends about the foundation
2 Roman Barcino
3 Paleochristian Barcino
4 Visigothic Barchinona
4.1 Jewish Barchinona
5 Muslim Barshiluna
6 Barcelona in the Spanish March
7 Barcelona under the Crown of Aragon
8 Barcelona under the Spanish monarchy
9 The Second Republic and civil war
10 Franquism
11 Modern Barcelona
12 See also
13 References
14 External links
//
Origins
The origins of the city of Barcelona are unclear. The coastal plain near Barcelona conserves remains from the late Neolithic and early Chalcolithic periods. Later, in the third and second centuries BC, the area was settled by the Laietani, an ?berian people, at Barkeno on the Ter hill (in the present-day Ciutat Vella, or "Old City") and at Laie (or Laiesken), believed to have been located on Montju?c.
Both settlements struck coinage which survives to this day. At around the same period, a small Greek colony, Kallipolis (??????????), was founded in the region, though its exact location is unclear.
The area was occupied in 218 BC, at the start of the Second Punic War, by Carthaginian troops under the leadership of Hannibal Barca. Up until this point, the northern limit of the Punic territories had been the Ebro river, located over 150km to the south.
This military occupation is often cited as the foundation of the modern city of Barcelona, but despite the similarities between the names of the Carthaginian dynasty and the modern city, it is usually accepted that the origin of the name "Barcelona" is the Iberic name Barkeno.
Legends about the foundation
At least two founding myths have been proposed for Barcelona by romantic historians since the fifteenth century. One credits the Carthaginian general Hamilcar Barca, father of Hannibal, with the foundation of the city around 230 BC under the name of Barkenon, Barcelino or Barci Nova. Despite the similarities between the names of this Carthinagean family and the modern city, it is usually accepted that the origin of the name "Barcelona" is the Iberic Barkeno.
The second attributes the foundation of the city to Hercules before the foundation of Rome. During the fourth of his Labours, Hercules joins up with the Jason and the Argonauts in search of the Golden Fleece, travelling across the Mediterranean in nine ships. One of the ships is lost in a storm off the Catalan coast, and Hercules sets out locate it. He finds it wrecked by a small hill, but with crew saved. The crew were so taken by the beauty of the location that they founded a city with the name Barca Nona ("Ninth Ship").
Roman Barcino
Information about the period from 218 BC until the first century BC is scarce. The Roman Republic contested the Carthaginean control of the area, and eventually set out to conquer the whole of the Iberian peninsula in the Cantabrian Wars, a conquest which was declared complete by Caesar Augustus in 19 BC. The north-east of the peninsula was the first region to fall under Roman control, and served as a base for further conquests. While Barcelona was settled by the Romans during this period under the name of Barcino (see below), it was considerably less important than the major centres of Tarraco and Caesaraugusta, known today as Zaragoza.
The name Barcino was formalised around the end of the reign of Caesar Augustus (14 BC. It was a shortened version of the name which had been official up until then, Colonia Faventia Julia Augusta Pia Barcino (also Colonia Julia Augusta Faventia Paterna Barcinoand Colonia Faventia).
As a colonia, it was established to distribute land among retired soldiers. The Roman geographer Pomponius Mela refers to Barcino as one of a number of small settlements under the control of Tarraco. However its strategic position on a branch of the Via Augusta allowed its commercial and economic development, and it enjoyed immunity from imperial taxation.
At the time of Caesar Augustus, Barcino had the form of a castrum, with the usual perpedicular main streets of the Cardus Maximus and the Decumanus Maximus and a central forum located on the Ter hill (25m), site of the iberic Barkeno. The perimeter walls were 1.5km long, enclosing an area of 12ha.
By the second century, the city had the form of an oppidum and a population of 35005000. The main economic activity was the cultivation of the surrounding land, and its wine was widely exported. The archeological remains from the period (sculptures, mosaics, amphorae) indicate a relatively rich population, although the city possessed none of the major public buildings (theatre, amphtheatre, circus) which are found in more important Roman centres such as Tarraco. The one public building which was present was the temple, dedicated to Caesar Augustus and probably constructed at the start of the first century. It was quite large for a city the size of Barcino, 35m by 17.5m, on a podium and surrounded by Corinthian columns.
The first raids by the Germanic tribes started around 250, and the fortifications of the city were substantially improved in the later years of the third century under Claudius II. The new double wall was at least two meters high, up to eight meters in some parts, and was punctuated by seventy-eight towers measuring up to eighteen meters high. The new fortifications were the strongest in the Roman province of the Tarraconensis, and would be important in increasing the importance of Barcino compared with Tarraco.LPK.
Paleochristian Barcino
The first Christian communities in the Tarraconense were founded during the third century, and the diocese of Tarraco was already established by 259, when the bishop Saint Fructuosus (Fructu) and the deacons Augurius and Eulogius were killed on the orders of the emperor Valerian. The Christian community in Barcino appears to have been established in the latter half of the third century.
The persecution of the Christians under Diocletian at the start of the fourth century would lead to at least one martyr in the region of Barcino: Saint Cucuphas (Catalan: Sant Cugat). Apparently of African origin, Cucuphas had evangelised in several areas of the Tarraconense, including Barcino, Egara (modern Terrassa) and Iluro (modern Matar), before being killed at Castrum Octavium (modern Sant Cugat del Vall, just over the Collserola ridge from Barcino/Barcelona). Saint Eulalia (Catalan: Santa Eulia) is also often considered as a martyr from Barcino.
The Edict of Milan in 313 granted a greater freedom of religion to Christians in the Roman Empire and put and end to widespread persecution. The first recorded bishop of Barcino was Praetextatus (Pretextat) (d.360), who attended the synod of Sardica in 347. He was succeeded by Saint Pacian (Catalan: Sant Paci, c.310390) and Lampius (Lampi) (d.400). Pacian is particularly known for his works De baptismo ("On baptism") and Libellus exhortatorius ad poenitentium, about the penitencial system. The first major Paleochristian temple, the Basica de la Santa Cruz at the origin of the modern...
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The Frangible nut, commonly confused with an explosive bolt, is a component used in many industries, but most commonly by NASA to sever mechanical connections, including the solid rocket boosters (SRB) of the space shuttle, which are bolted to the mobile launcher platform (MLP) until liftoff. It is, by definition, an explosively splittable nut. The bolt remains intact while the nut itself is split in two or more parts. On the shuttle, this is accomplished by using a NASA standard detonator or NSD. The space shuttle uses 2 NSDs for the top nut on each of the four 3.5" diameter bolts holding each SRB to the MLP. Once detonation occurs, the shuttle lifts free of the MLP. Shrapnel and the broken nut are captured by energy absorption material, such as metal foam, to ensure damage to the shuttle does not occur. In case of NSD failure, or incomplete clearance of the nut from the bolt, the SRB has ample thrust to break the bolt itself and launch unhindered.
Frangible Nuts are also used for separation of the two aft structural attachments of the external tank prior to orbital insertion. The attach bolts are driven by the explosive force of the NSDs and a spring into a cavity in the tank strut. The Nuts and all residual pieces of the NSDs are caught in a cover assembly within the shuttle.
This spacecraft or satellite related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
Categories: Spacecraft stubs
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Marissa Moss (born September 29, 1959, Jeannette, Pennsylvania) is an American children's book author.
Contents
1 Work
2 Personal life
3 Awards
3.1 2005
3.2 2004
3.3 2003
3.4 2002
3.5 2001
3.6 1999
3.7 1997
3.8 1996
3.9 1995
3.10 1990
4 External links
5 References
//
Work
Moss's work spans the many ages of a child. She started her first career making picture books. Amelia's Notebook was her first deviation from that format. This book is the format of a journal or diary and is penned in a black and white composition notebook. Moss herself says that she loves this format that she stumbled upon because it allows her to explore the world through a child's eyes. In fact, she says, "The things that happened to Amelia really happened to me--from the fire in the school to the marshmallows on the ceiling though the names have been changed because my sister is mad enough at me already!"
Other books in this series, which traces Amelia's life through the years, are: Amelia Writes Again, Amelia Hits the Road, Amelia Takes Command, The All New Amelia, My Notebook (with help from Amelia), Luv, Amelia, Luv Nadia, Amelia's Family Ties, Amelia Works It Out!, Oh Boy, Amelia!, Amelia Lends a Hand, Amelia's Best Year Ever, Amelia's Book of Notes & Note Passing, Amelia's Sixth Grade Notebook, Dr. Amelia's Boredom Survival Guide, Madame Amelia Tells All, Amelia's Bully Survival Guide, Amelia's Guide to Gossip: The Good, the Bad, and the Ugly, Amelia's 5th-Grade Notebook, and Amelia's Must-Keep Resolutions For The Best Year Ever!. Still to come in the series and slated for publication in 2007 are: The All-New Amelia, Amelia Tells All, Amelia's 7th-Grade Notebook, and Vote 4 Amelia.
She has also written several historical journals, also in diary format. These include an account of a girl's life during the depression entitled, Rose's Journal: The Story of a Girl in the Great Depression.; Rachel's Journal: The Story of a Pioneer Girl; Emma's Journal: The Story of a Colonial Girl; Hannah's Journal: The Story of an Immigrant Girl; and Galen: My Life in Imperial Rome.
Earlier in her career Marissa Moss wrote and illustrated several children's books not in journal format. These include After School Monster, Wanna Play?, But Not Kate, Regina's Big Mistake, Mel's Diner, In America, and The Ugly Menorah, although most of these are now out of print.
Moss has also written books illustrated by C.F. Payne: True Heart, Brave Harriet: The First Woman to Fly the English Channel, and Mighty Jackie: The Strikeout Queen.
Moss illustrated G is For Googol: A Math Alphabet Book, which was written by David Schwartz.
Personal life
Marissa Moss first submitted a book for publication at the age of nine. She attended the University of California, Berkeley and graduated in 1979. She studied art history in graduate school for two years and then attended the California College of Arts and Crafts to study the publishing world. She, like most artists and authors, received many rejections before finally breaking into print with her book,One, Two, Three & Four. No More? published by Houghton Mifflin in 1988. She currently resides in Berkeley, California with her husband and the youngest of her three sons from a previous marriage. Her eldest son is currently studying animation at Northwestern University. Her second son, an aspiring writer, recently graduated from Berkeley High School.
Awards
2005
International Reading Association Teachers' Choices for 2005-2006: Mighty Jackie: the Strike-out Queen
Selected as a nominee for the 2006 Bill Martin Jr. Picture Book Award, sponsored by the Kansas Reading Association: Mighty Jackie: the Strike-out Queen
Selected for the 2005-2006 Louisiana Young Readers' Choice Award Master List: Mighty Jackie: the Strike-out Queen
Placed on the Chickadee Award Master List for 2005-2006 in the state of Maine: Mighty Jackie: the Strike-out Queen
Selected for the 2006 Washington Children's Choice Picture Book Award Master List: Mighty Jackie: the Strike-out Queen
2004
ALA Notable: Mighty Jackie: the Strike-out Queen
Starred Review, Publishers Weekly: Mighty Jackie: the Strike-out Queen
Starred Review, Booklist: Mighty Jackie: the Strike-out Queen
Top Ten Sports Books of the Year, Booklist 2004: Mighty Jackie: the Strike-out Queen
2003
Notable Social Studies Trade Books for Young People, CBC: Galen, My Life in Imperial Rome
LA Times Bestseller List: Max's Log Book
2002
Notable Social Studies Trade Books for Young People: National Council for the Social Studies -- CBC Joint Committee: Brave Harriet, Rose's Journal
Starred Review, Booklist: Brave Harriet
Books for Youth Top Ten Women's History Booklist: Brave Harriet
Children's Choices, Children's Book Council: Oh Boy, Amelia
2001
Society of School Librarians International Honor Books: Hannah's Journal
Best Children's Books of the Year, Bank St. College: Hannah's Journal
Sugarman Family Award for Jewish Children's Literature: Hannah's Journal
National Parenting Publications Gold Award: Amelia's Moving Pictures (Video)
Parent's Guide Children's Media Award: Amelia's Moving Pictures (Video)
ALA Notable Video: Amelia's Moving Pictures (Video)
Starred Review, Publisher's Weekly: Amelia's Moving Pictures (Video)
Parent's Guide Fiction Award: Oh Boy, Amelia
1999
Society of School Librarians International Honor Books: Rachel's Journal
ABC Booksellers Choices: Rachel's Journal
San Francisco Chronicle Bestseller List: Dr. Amelia's Boredom Survival Guide
1997
ABA Pick of the List: Amelia Hits the Road
San Francisco Chronicle Bestseller List: My Notebook with Help from Amelia
1996
ABC Booksellers Choices: Amelia's Notebook
1995
ABA Pick of the List: Amelia's Notebook
Starred Review, Publisher's Weekly: Amelia's Notebook
Child Study Children's Book of the Year: In America
Notable Trade Book in Field of Social Studies, Children's Book Council: In America
1990
Notable Children's Trade Book in Field of Social Studies, National Council of Teachers of Social Studies: Regina's Big Mistake
Reading Rainbow Featured Book: Regina's Big Mistake
Storytime Featured Book: Regina's Big Mistake
External links
Official site
Who Wrote That? Featuring Marissa Moss
Marissa Moss Teacher Resource File
Meet Children's Authors and Illustrators: Marissa Moss
Scholastic Books Author Biography
References
^ http://www.childrenslit.com/f_marissamoss.htm
^ Marissamoss.com
^ Simon & Schuster: Marissa Moss
^ Amazon.com: Rose's Journal: The Story of a Girl in the Great Depression: Books: Marissa Moss
^ http://books.scholastic.com/teachers/authorsandbooks/authorstudies/authorhome.jsp?authorID=65&displayName=Biography
Categories: American children's writers | 1959 births | Living people | People from Berkeley, California | People from Westmoreland County, Pennsylvania
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Wales
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First Minister: Rhodri Morgan
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The Presiding Officer of the National Assembly for Wales (Welsh: Llywydd) is the Speaker of the National Assembly for Wales, elected by the Members of the National Assembly for Wales to chair their meetings (plenary sessions); to maintain order; and to protect the rights of Members.
He or she also heads the Corporate Body (known as the Assembly Commission) of the National Assembly for Wales and as such is viewed as a figurehead for the entire organisation. One Deputy Presiding Officer is elected to help fulfil the role. The office of the Presiding Officer is based in Crickhowell House and is also responsible for the Pierhead Building in Cardiff Bay.
Contents
1 Role of the Presiding Officer
2 Presiding Officer
2.1 List of office holders
3 Deputy Presiding Officer
3.1 List of office holders
4 See also
//
Role of the Presiding Officer
Lord Elis-Thomas,Plaid Cymru's two-term presiding officer
The only person to hold the position is Lord Elis-Thomas, appointed in 1999, and then re-appointed in 2003 and 2007.
The main function is to chair plenary sessions of the Assembly, to maintain order and to protect the rights of Members. He or she is responsible for ensuring that business is handled on the basis of equality and impartiality.
The Presiding Officer is also responsible for Standing Orders and is the final authority on their interpretation. The Presiding Officer also acts as Chair of the National Assembly for Wales Commission, and has special responsibility for promoting democratic engagement, leadership, developing the Assembly future legislative powers and external relations
He or she is, along with the Deputy, politically responsible for all aspects of the Presiding Office to which the Standing Orders relate.
The Presiding Officer chairs meetings of the Panel of Subject Committee Chairs, where committee procedures and matters affecting Committee business are discussed. In addition to this, the Presiding Officer acts as the ambassador for the National Assembly, attending speaker conferences and other events in order to publicise and raise the profile of the Assembly
Presiding Officer
List of office holders
Name
Picture
Entered office
Left office
Political party
Notes
The Hon the Lord Elis-Thomas PC AM
May 12, 1999
Plaid Cymru
Appointed in 1999, and then re-appointed in 2003 and 2007.
Deputy Presiding Officer
List of office holders
Name
Picture
Entered office
Left office
Political party
Notes
Jane Davidson AM
May 12, 1999
October 17, 2000
Labour
First Assembly. Resigned from post when she became a Government Minister
John Marek AM
October, 2000
May, 2003
Labour
First Assembly
John Marek AM
May 7, 2003
May, 2007
Forward Wales
Second Assembly
Rosemary Butler AM
May 9, 2007
Incumbent
Labour
Third Assembly
See also
National Assembly for Wales
Assembly Commission
This Wales-related article is a stub. You can help by expanding it.
Categories: Legislative speakers | National Assembly for Wales | Wales stubs | United Kingdom government stubs
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Doctor Light
Dr. Arthur Light, Identity CrisisArt by Rags Morales.
Publication information
Publisher
DC Comics
First appearance
Justice League of America #12 (June 1962)
Created by
Gardner FoxMike Sekowsky
In-story information
Alter ego
Arthur Light
Team affiliations
The SocietyFearsome FiveSuicide SquadInjustice GangInjustice League
Abilities
Light manipulation,Genius level intelligence
Arthur Light is a fictional comic book supervillain appearing in books published by DC Comics. He is the third individual to have adopted the persona of Doctor Light, after a Golden Age foe of Doctor Mid-Nite and Arthur's associate Jacob Finlay. Light, a long-time enemy of the Teen Titans and the Justice League, has been portrayed both as a serious menace and as a company in-joke for incompetent supervillains. His stint as Doctor Light is concurrent with that of a superheroine using the same name, Kimiyo Hoshi.
Contents
1 Fictional character biography
1.1 Origin
1.2 Suicide Squad
1.3 Identity Crisis onwards
1.4 One Year Later and Final Crisis
2 Powers and abilities
3 Comic appearances
4 Other media
4.1 Lois & Clark: The New Adventures of Superman
4.2 Teen Titans animated series
4.3 Justice League: The New Frontier
5 References
6 External links
//
Fictional character biography
Origin
The first Silver Age Doctor Light was a criminal physicist named Dr. Arthur Light, who first appeared in Justice League of America #12. A retcon introduced in Secret Origins #37 revealed that this character was actually the second Dr. Light. According to the retcon, his predecessor was his partner at STAR Labs, a scientist named Jacob Finlay. Finlay created a technologically advanced suit to control light as a minor superhero, but was accidentally killed by Arthur Light near the beginning of his heroic career (though Finlay's death may have been caused by hiding his costume in a computer console, causing it to malfunction). Light took the suit and the "Doctor Light" codename, using them for selfish, criminal means. He has been periodically haunted by Finlay's ghost through the years, but could use the light generated by the suit to drive off this spirit.
Through the Silver and Bronze Ages, Doctor Light was a minor but persistent foe for a number of heroes. He first fought the Justice League and, after he failed to defeat that group, fought their former sidekicks, the Teen Titans. He was also notably beaten by a solo Hal Jordan not long after his defeat by the JLA. He then founded the super-villain team the Fearsome Five, but they were also defeated by the Titans, and Light was violently expelled from the Five by his teammates. Each criminal caper led to Light's defeat (as villains always went down to defeat in the Silver and Bronze Age), but these defeats were used later as the basis of his humiliation that culminated in the events of the Identity Crisis storyline and its aftereffects.
Perhaps Dr. Light's most ignominious defeat was his defeat by Little Boy Blue and his Blue Boys - a group of non-superpowered children.
Suicide Squad
Light as a member of the Suicide Squad. Cover to Suicide Squad #36. Art by Geof Isherwood.
Driven by self-doubt and guilt, thanks in part to Finlay's ghostly presence, he volunteers for the Suicide Squad, a group of incarcerated supervillains who perform dangerous missions for the US government in exchange for clemency. On a mission against the patriotism-themed super-team called the "Force of July", he encounters Sparkler, the Force's youngest member. The presence of a super-powered child reminds him of past defeats and he lashes out, killing Sparkler with a blast through the chest.
During his time with the Squad, Light demonstrates a simple desire to be liked by the other members. He sees his chance when a mysterious pie-armed attacker is on the loose but nobody actually believes Light has been pied.
Finally, Finlay's ghost convinces Light to attempt a heroic turn during a mission where multiple members of the team, some unwillingly, have traveled to Apokolips. Light is swiftly shot dead by Parademons. Light was thus sent to Hell, where he was physically reunited with Finlay. Under the watch of a lesser demon and its annoying assistant, both men were released from Hell in turns and returned to life. Both would only soon die again: Arthur Light suffocates while still inside his grave, while the desiccated Finlay claws his way out of his own grave but was killed by a family of religious vigilantes. Arthur Light was again returned to life, and barely survives a great fall that his demonic tormentors may have intended to be fatal. Arthur also finds time to possess the body of the female Doctor Light, Kimiyo Hoshi. With the aide of her teacher, Kimiyo is able to reject Arthur's presence.
Dr. Light, freed of his ex-partner's hauntings, attempts to rejoin the Suicide Squad, but his appeal was summarily rejected by Amanda Waller.
He later becomes trapped in the Green Lantern's power battery, and as a consequence was temporarily transformed into living light. He later joined a short-lived incarnation of the Injustice Gang, in which he assisted Lex Luthor in building holographic duplicates of the JLA.
Identity Crisis onwards
Zatanna mind-wiping Doctor Light. Art by Brian Bolland.
The controversial 2004 miniseries Identity Crisis retroactively revealed that Doctor Light had, at some point in the past, raped Sue Dibny, the wife of the superhero Elongated Man, on the JLA Satellite. (Later issues revealed that he was a serial rapist with Light bragging that Dibny was not his first victim). After taking a vote (which was not unanimous), the Justice League resolved to alter his mind through the use of Zatanna's magic so that Light would no longer pose a threat to their loved ones. In the process, they accidentally gave him a partial lobotomy, thus explaining how he fell from a plausible foe of the Justice League to a punching bag for the Teen Titans or Little Boy Blue. He later recovered his memories and intellect, and vowed revenge against the Justice League.
When Dr. Light was next seen, he had captured Green Arrow, using him as bait so he could get revenge on the Teen Titans. When the Titans responded to his call and landed at Light's position, he attacked savagely and brutally beat them all. However, after Light easily defeated every other hero who had ever been a Titan, Cyborg appeared and single-handedly defeated him. Batman and Batgirl appeared to take him to prison, but revealed themselves to him to be Deathstroke and Ravager in disguise, and offered Light a place in the new Secret Society of Super Villains, a villainous organization headed by Lex Luthor. Dr. Light, hungry for vengeance and power, readily accepted.
As a Society member, he aided Merlyn and Deathstroke in defeating Green Arrow in Star City. Doctor Light then attacked and absorbed a great deal of power from the female hero Doctor Light, later referring to his treatment of her as raping her (Green Arrow #54). However, Kimiyo Hoshi eventually regained the powers he drained from her and later soundly defeated him in battle during issue #7 of Infinite Crisis.
He later participated in the Battle of Metropolis where he was defeated by the combined efforts of The Ray, Black Canary, Martian Manhunter and the female hero Doctor Light, Kimiyo Hoshi.
One Year Later and Final Crisis
In the Justice League of America Wedding Special, Light was a member of the Injustice League Unlimited. During a battle with the Justice League, fellow Injustice Leaguer Cheetah betrayed him and slashed him in the back because of her hatred of rapists. Shortly after, the entire...
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The following are a list of Depeche Mode tours which they have done since 1981 to the present. Note that some performances in 1980 were when they were still called "Composition of Sound" or weren't part of a full-length tour, so they aren't listed here.
Tours
1981: Speak and Spell TourSetlist:
Any Second Now
Photographic
Nodisco
New Life
Puppets
Ice Machine
Big Muff
I Sometimes Wish I Was Dead
Tora! Tora! Tora!
Just Can't Get Enough
Boys Say Go!
What's Your Name?
Television Set
Dreaming Of Me
The Price Of Love
1982: See You TourSetlist:
Shout!
I Sometimes Wish I Was Dead
Boys Say Go!
Puppets
See You
Big Muff
Now This Is Fun
Ice Machine
New Life
Tora! Tora! Tora!
The Meaning Of Love
Just Can't Get Enough
What's Your Name?
Photographic
Dreaming Of Me
I Like It
Television Set (not played on all dates)
1982-1983: Broken Frame TourSetlist:
Oberkorn
My Secret Garden
See You
Satellite
New Life
Boys Say Go!
Tora! Tora! Tora!
Nothing To Fear/Big Muff
Leave In Silence
Shouldn't Have Done That
Monument OR 11. Get The Balance Right
The Meaning Of Love
Just Can't Get Enough
A Photograph Of You
The Sun & The Rainfall
Shout
Photographic
Dreaming Of Me
1983-1984: Construction Time Again TourSetlist:
Everything Counts (instrumental intro)
Everything Counts
Now This Is Fun
Two Minute Warning
Shame
See You
Get The Balance Right!
Love In Itself
Pipeline/Big Muff/People Are People
The Landscape Is Changing
And Then
Photographic
Told You So
New Life
More Than A Party
The Meaning Of Love
Just Can't Get Enough
Boys Say Go!
1984-1985: Some Great Reward TourSetlist:
Master And Servant (instrumental intro)
Something To Do
Two Minute Warning
Puppets
If You Want
People Are People
Leave In Silence
New Life
Shame
Somebody/It Doesn't Matter
Ice Machine/Shake The Disease
Lie To Me
Blasphemous Rumours
Told You So
Master And Servant
Photographic
Everything Counts
See You
Shout
Just Can't Get Enough
1986: Black Celebration TourSetlist:
Christmas Island (intro)
Black Celebration
A Question Of Time
Fly On The Windscreen
Shake The Disease
Leave In Silence
It's Called A Heart
Everything Counts
It Doesn't Matter Two/Somebody
A Question Of Lust
Here Is The House (not played on all dates)
Blasphemous Rumours
New Dress
Stripped
Something To Do
Master And Servant
Photographic
People Are People
Boys Say Go!
Just Can't Get Enough
More Than A Party
1987-1988: Music for the Masses TourSetlist:
Pimpf (intro)
Behind The Wheel
Strangelove
Sacred
Something To Do
Blasphemous Rumours
Stripped
Pipeline/Never Turn Your Back On Mother Earth/Somebody
The Things You Said/It Doesn't Matter
Black Celebration
Shake The Disease
Nothing
Pleasure, Little Treasure/Just Can't Get Enough
People Are People/Master And Servant
A Question Of Time
Never Let Me Down Again
A Question Of Lust
Master And Servant/Just Can't Get Enough
Everything Counts
1990: World Violation TourSetlist:
Kaleid (intro)
World In My Eyes
Halo
Shake The Disease
Everything Counts
Master And Servant
Never Let Me Down Again
Waiting For The Night
I Want You Now/Here Is The House/Little 15
World Full Of Nothing/Sweetest Perfection/Blue Dress
Clean
Stripped
Policy Of Truth
Enjoy the Silence
Strangelove
Personal Jesus
Black Celebration
A Question Of Time
Behind The Wheel
Route 66
1993: Devotional TourSetlist:
Instrumental intro
Higher Love
Policy Of Truth
World In My Eyes
Walking In My Shoes
Behind The Wheel
Halo
Stripped
Condemnation
Judas/A Question Of Lust
Death's Door/One Caress
Mercy In You/Get Right With Me
I Feel You
Never Let Me Down Again
Rush
In Your Room
Personal Jesus
Enjoy The Silence
Fly On The Windscreen/Something To Do/Somebody
Everything Counts
1994: Exotic Tour + Summer '94 TourSetlist:
Instrumental intro
Rush
Halo
Behind The Wheel
Everything Counts
World In My Eyes
Walking In My Shoes
Stripped
Condemnation
I Want You Now/Somebody/Judas/A Question Of Lust/One Caress/Waiting For The Night
In Your Room
Never Let Me Down Again
I Feel You
Personal Jesus
Fly On The Windscreen
Enjoy The Silence
Policy Of Truth OR Clean
A Question Of Time
1998: The Singles 86-98 TourSetlist:
Painkiller (intro)
A Question Of Time
World In My Eyes
Policy Of Truth
It's No Good
Never Let Me Down Again
Walking In My Shoes
Only When I Lose Myself
A Question Of Lust/Sister Of Night
Home
Condemnation
In Your Room
Useless
Enjoy The Silence
Personal Jesus
Barrel Of A Gun
Somebody
Stripped/Behind The Wheel
I Feel You
Just Can't Get Enough
2001-2002: Exciter TourSetlist:
Easy Tiger-Dream On (instrumental intro)
The Dead Of Night
The Sweetest Condition
Halo
Walking In My Shoes
Dream On
When The Body Speaks
Waiting For The Night
The Bottom Line/Surrender/Dressed In Black/Sister Of Night/Condemnation/Judas/It Doesn't Matter Two/Somebody
Breathe
Freelove
Enjoy The Silence
I Feel You
In Your Room
It's No Good
I Feel Loved (not played on all dates)
Personal Jesus
World Full Of Nothing (only on the last show)
Home
Clean/Condemnation
Black Celebration
Never Let Me Down Again
2005-2006: Touring the Angel
Setlist 1:
Instrumental intro
A Pain That I'm Used To
John The Revelator
A Question Of Time
Policy Of Truth
Precious
Walking In My Shoes
Suffer Well
Damaged People/Macro
Home
I Want It All
The Sinner In Me
I Feel You
Behind The Wheel
World In My Eyes
Personal Jesus
Enjoy The Silence
Somebody/A Question Of Lust/Shake The Disease/Leave In Silence
Just Can't Get Enough
Everything Counts
Never Let Me Down Again
Goodnight Lovers
Setlist 2:
Instrumental intro
A Pain That I'm Used To
A Question Of Time
Suffer Well
Precious
Walking In My Shoes
Stripped
Home
It Doesn't Matter Two/Judas/Blue Dress
In Your Room
Nothing's Impossible/The Sinner In Me
John The Revelator
I Feel You
Behind The Wheel
World In My Eyes
Personal Jesus
Enjoy The Silence
Shake The Disease/Leave In Silence/Judas/It Doesn't Matter Two/Somebody
Photographic/Just Can't Get Enough
Never Let Me Down Again
2009: Tour of the Universe
Setlist:
Instrumental intro
Wrong
Peace
People Are People
World In My Eyes
..
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The Galoter process (also known as TSK, UTT, or SHC) is an above-ground retorting technology for oil shale extraction, which uses fine particles of oil shale that are heated in a rotating kiln. It uses hot oil shale ash to heat raw oil shale.
Contents
1 History
2 Technology
3 Commercial use
4 See also
5 References
//
History
The first Galoter-type retorts with a solid heat carrier were built at Kivi?li, Estonia, in 1953 and 1963 (closed in 1963 and 1981 respectively). The Narva Oil Plant with two Galoter-type retorts was commissioned in 1980 near the Eesti Power Plant in Narva, Estonia. These retorts were developed in cooperation with the Moscow Power Engineering Institute.
Technology
The Galoter process is classified as a hot recycled solids technology using feed oil shale of the size less than 25millimetres (1.0in) in diameter. It uses a horizontal, slightly declined cylindrical rotating kiln-type retort. The crushed oil shale is passed by belt conveyors to raw oil shale bins arranged on the screw conveyors from where it is poured into the the aerofountain drier. Dry oil shale is transported to the mixer chamber. Ash is produced by combustion of spent shale in a separate furnace. The resulting hot ash of 800 (1,470) is mixed with dried oil shale particles to cause decomposition.
The temperature of decomposition in the Galoter retort is 520 (970). The hot flue gas leaving from the cyclone is introduced to the waste heat boiler and then to the fluidized drier for drying the oil shale feed. Oil vapor is withdrawn and condensed to yield liquid fuel and non-condensable fraction is considered a medium-energy fuel gas. The thermal efficiency of the Galoter process is high and technological chemical efficiency accounts for 7378%. Oil recovery ratio is high; oil yield reaches 8590% of Fischer Assay and retort gas yield accounts for 48cubic meters per tonne. Oil quality is good.
This process creates less pollution than internal combustion technologies, as it uses less water, but it still generates carbon dioxide as also carbon disulfide and calcium sulfide. Also the equipment is complicated and capacity factors are relatively low.
Commercial use
Two Galoter retorts are used for oil production by Narva Oil Plant, a subsidiary of the Estonian energy company Eesti Energia. Both retorts process 125tonnes per hour of oil shale. The company plans to construct two additional units in Estonia, beginning in 2009. In addition, Eesti Energia has made plans to build a Galoter plant in Jordan; the construction is slated to begin by 2015. VKG Oil, a subsidiary of Viru Keemia Grupp, is considering construction of a Galoter process plant engineered by Atomenergoproject of Saint Petersburg.
See also
Oil shale in Estonia
Alberta Taciuk Process
Petrosix process
Kiviter process
TOSCO II process
Fushun process
References
^ a b Soone, Ji; Hella Riisalu, Ljudmilla Kekisheva, Svjatoslav Doilov (2006-11-07). "Environmentally sustainable use of energy and chemical potential of oil shale" (PDF)., Amman, Jordan: International Oil Shale Conference. Retrieved on 2008-12-06. "Dry oil shale leaves the drier at temperature up to 135 oC and then is mixed with solid heat carrier hot ash (750 800 oC) at a ratio of 1,8/1. The ash is obtained by combustion of retorting residue in a separate furnace. Mixture of oil shale and heat carrier is fed into a horizontal rotating retort."
^ a b c Golubev, Nikolai (2003). "Solid heat carrier technology for oil shale retorting" (PDF). Oil Shale. A Scientific-Technical Journal (Estonian Academy Publishers) 20 (3 Special): 324332. ISSN 0208-189X. http://www.kirj.ee/public/oilshale/6_golubev_2003_3s.pdf. Retrieved on 2008-12-14.
^ a b Ots, Arvo (2006) . Toni Tyson; Mary McQuillen. ed (PDF). Oil Shale Fuel Combustion. Tallinn: Arv Ots; Eesti Energia. pp.1317. ISBN 9789949137101. http://deepthought.ttu.ee/soojus/monograafiad/AOts_Oil%20Shale%20Fuel%20Combustion_web%20sisu.pdf. Retrieved on 2008-12-06.
^ a b c d Jaber, Jamel O. (2008). "Future Policies and Strategies for Oil Shale Development in Jordan" (PDF). Jordan Journal of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering 2 (1): pp. 3144. ISSN 1995-6665. http://jjmie.hu.edu.jo/files/V2/004-v2-1.pdf. Retrieved on 2008-12-06.
^ Burnham, Alan K.; McConaghy, James R. (2006-10-16) (PDF). Comparison of the acceptability of various oil shale processes. Golden: 26th Oil shale symposium. UCRL-CONF-226717. https://e-reports-ext.llnl.gov/pdf/341283.pdf. Retrieved on 2008-12-06.
^ a b c Qian, Jialin; Wang Jianqiu (2006-11-07). "World oil shale retorting technologies" (PDF)., Amman, Jordan: International Oil Shale Conference. Retrieved on 2008-12-13.
^ Koel, Mihkel (1999). "Estonian oil shale". Oil Shale. A Scientific-Technical Journal (Estonian Academy Publishers) (Extra). ISSN 0208-189X. http://www.kirj.ee/public/oilshale/Est-OS.htm. Retrieved on 2008-12-06.
^ M?lder, Leevi (2004). "Estonian Oil Shale Retorting Industry at a Crossroads" (PDF). Oil Shale. A Scientific-Technical Journal (Estonian Academy Publishers) 21 (2): 9798. ISSN 0208-189X. http://www.kirj.ee/public/oilshale/1_ed_page_2004_2.pdf. Retrieved on 2008-11-23.
^ (PDF)Strategic significance of America oil shale resource. Volume II: Oil shale resources, technology and economics. Office of Deputy Assistant Secretary for Petroleum Reserves; Office of Naval Petroleum and Oil Shale Reserves; United States Department of Energy. 2004. http://www.fossil.energy.gov/programs/reserves/npr/publications/npr_strategic_significancev2.pdf. Retrieved on 2008-11-23.
^ Liive, Sandor (2007). "Oil Shale Energetics in Estonia" (PDF). Oil Shale. A Scientific-Technical Journal (Estonian Academy Publishers) 24 (1): 14. ISSN 0208-189X. http://www.kirj.ee/public/oilshale/oil-2007-1-1.pdf. Retrieved on 2007-06-24.
^ (PDF)Annual Report 2007/2008. Eesti Energia. 2008. http://www.energia.ee/fileadmin/files/dokumendid/annual_report/annual_report_2007-2008.pdf. Retrieved on 2008-08-15.
^ "Jordan Oil Shale Project". Omar Al-Ayed, Balqa Applied University. 2008. http://www.jordanoilshale.net/page4.aspx. Retrieved on 2008-08-15.
^ "New shale oil line for VKG Oil AS" (PDF). Rintekno Newsletter (Rintekno Oy) 20. 2006. http://www.rintekno.fi/easydata/customers/rintekno/files/pdf_publications/newsletter2006.pdf. Retrieved on 2008-12-13.
Categories: Oil shale technology | Energy in Estonia
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Frequency-shift keying is used over telephone lines for Caller ID and remote metering applications. There are several variations on this technology.
Contents
1 ETSI FSK
2 Telcordia Technologies (formerly Bellcore) FSK
3 BT (British Telecom) FSK
4 CCA (Cable Communications Association) FSK
//
ETSI FSK
The European Telecommunications -1 and -2, and ES 200 778-1 and -2, the latter replacing ETS 300 778-1 & -2) allows 3 physical transport layers (Telcordia Technologies (formerly Bellcore), BT and CCA) combined with 2 data formats (MDMF & SDMF), plus the DTMF system and a no-ring mode for meter-reading and the like. It's more of a recognition that the different types exist than an attempt to define a single "standard".
Telcordia Technologies (formerly Bellcore) FSK
The Telcordia Technologies (formerly Bellcore)standard is used in the USA, Canada (but see below), Australia, China, Hong Kong and Singapore (who have their own standard?)[clarification needed] It sends the data after the first ring tone and uses the 1200 baud Bell 202 tone modulation. The data may be sent in Single Data Message Format (SDMF) which includes the date, time and number or in Multiple Data Message Format (MDMF) which adds a NAME field.
BT (British Telecom) FSK
British Telecom developed their own standard, which wakes up the display with a line reversal, then sends the data as CCITT V23 modem tones in a format similar to MDMF. It is used by BT, wireless networks like the late Ionica, and some cable companies (Nynex?). Details are to be found in BT Supplier Information Notes (SINs) 227 and 242; another useful document is Designing Caller Identification Delivery Using XR-2211 for BT from the EXAR website.
CCA (Cable Communications Association) FSK
The Cable Communications Association in the UK developed their own standard which sends the data after a short first ring, as either Bell 202 or V23 tones. They developed a new standard rather than change some street 'boxes' (multiplexors) which couldn't cope with the BT standard. The UK cable industry use a variety of switches - most are Nortel DMS-100's, some are System X, System Y and Nokia DX220's, and some of these use the BT standard instead of the CCA one! The data format is similar to BT's, but the transport layer is more like Telcordia Technologies (formerly Bellcore), so North American or European kit is more likely to detect it.
Categories: Telephony
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Chris Adler
Birth name
Christopher James Adler
Born
November 23, 1972 (1972-11-23) (age36)
Origin
United States
Genre(s)
MetalGroove metal
Years active
1994 - Present
Label(s)
Epic Records
Associated acts
Lamb of GodBurn the PriestJettison CharlieBlotted Science
Website
http://www.lamb-of-god.com
Christopher James Adler (born November 23, 1972) is an American drummer, best known as a member of the metal band Lamb of God. He also plays the piano, acoustic guitar, bass guitar, and saxophone. He is the older brother to bandmate Willie Adler, and is also a vegetarian along with bandmate John Campbell.
Contents
1 Biography
2 Equipment
2.1 Setup
3 Discography
3.1 With Exit-In
3.2 With Calibra
3.3 With Cry Havoc
3.4 With Jettison Charlie
3.5 With Grouser
3.6 With Burn the Priest
3.7 With Lamb of God
3.8 Solo
3.9 With EvilDeathInc.
4 References
5 External links
//
Biography
Chris attended Bishop Ireton High School in Alexandria, Virginia; attending college at Virginia Commonwealth University in Richmond, Virginia where he met current bandmates John Campbell and Mark Morton.
Before devoting his career to Lamb Of God, Chris was planning a career as a Network Engineer. He is Microsoft certified and has over 10 years of field experience. Chris admits that even today he still gets nervous before big shows, "I have to watch the video when we are done because I kinda black out and just run on adrenaline and muscle memory." Chris' favorite song to play live is Hourglass.
Typically, he writes his drum parts after other band members have brought him some riffs and ideas. As seen on the Killadelphia DVD, Adler tries to create unique music while not taking anything away from the riffs or the song itself. Utilizing strong symmetry in his drumming and being highly skilled in his double bass work, Adler also creates unique sticking patterns to go along with his unique double bass playing style. One of the main reasons for the unique sticking style is that he is a left-handed drummer on a right-handed set.
Adler has been influenced by drummers of the metal world including Lars Ulrich of Metallica, Shannon Larkin of Godsmack, Dave Lombardo of Slayer, and Vinnie Paul, drummer for the now defunct Pantera and Damageplan and current drummer and founding member of the band Hellyeah, as well as various drummers such as Bill Bruford, Terry Bozzio and Billy Cobham.
When asked how Lamb of God's new release will differ from the previous albums, Chris had this to say.
"Im happy to be done because it was the most intense playing since (As The Palaces Burn) and I proved to myself that I still got it. This new stuff is heavy duty. This album is going to be more aggressive than the last 2. We want to get back to the nasty stuff."
It was stated on Chris's MySpace blog that he now has a daughter. The blog states: Hey! Sorry for the delay, things are crazy out here. We are doing great and the shows are insane!!!! The Metallica camp is a real class act and we could not ask for more. We hang every night and are putting on some killer shows together. What could be better! Tonight is a headline show in Spokane - should be good, we play for about 80 minutes and will do at least 2 new ones. I'm really looking forward to the end of Feb. when we can play a ton of new stuff. I'd actually like to do a 'wrath' tour and play the entire record front to back. I guess we will see how everyone feels about that when the time comes. Just got back from Canada, shows up there were INSANE. Love going, but hate the border. A bus full of longhairs = extremely long 'delay'. Worked out pretty good this time, but we've always got our fingers crossed. Holidays closing in...my first with my daughter, very excited. I hope you all ha
ve a safe and very metal holiday! Hope to see you on the road soon, Chris
Equipment
Chris Adler uses Saturn Pro Series Mapex Drums, his own signature Black Panther 12x5.5" snare, and Gibraltar Hardware. He also uses and endorses Aquarian Drumheads, Pro-Mark signature Sticks, Trick V-1 PRO Pedals and Meinl Cymbals. Chris helped Meinl produce the 24" MB20 Pure Metal Ride for him and helped with the creation of the 12" Soundcaster Custom Distortion Splash. He also uses a Roland pad and TD-7 Module to trigger an 808.
Setup
Mapex Drums & Meinl Cymbals: (as of Ozzfest 2007)
Drums - Mapex Saturn Series (Cherry Stained)
10x9" Tom
12x10" Tom
16x16" Floor Tom
18x16" Floor Tom
22x18" Bass Drum (x2)
12x5.5" Chris Adler Signature Black Panther Snare
Cymbals Meinl (2008)
Cymbals listed clockwise
14" Generation X Filter China
14" Soundcaster Custom Medium Soundwave Hihat (top), 14" Byzance Dark Hihat (bottom)
8" Classics High Bell
12" Soundcaster Custom Distortion Splash (officially, but actually uses a 12" Paiste Flanger Bell)
8" Byzance Splash
14" Soundcaster Custom Medium Crash (x2)
16" Mb8 Medium Crash
8" Byzance Splash
14" Soundcaster Custom Medium Soundwave Hihat (top), 14" Byzance Dark Hihat (bottom)
18" Byzance Medium Thin Crash (brilliant)
24" Mb20 Pure Metal Ride
17" Byzance China (Prototype)
16" Generation X Filter China
Hardware
Dw-9000 Pedals (Used to use Axis Classic Black AL2 Longboard Pedals)
Gibraltar Rack System and Clamps
Mapex Cymbal Boom Arms
Other
Aquarian Force I Bass Drum Batter Heads (with Kick Pads), Hi-Energy Snare Batter Head, Response 2 Clear Tom Batter Heads and Classic Clear Tom Resonant Heads
Roland TD-7 Electronic Percussion Module
Roland Single Trigger Pad
Pro-Mark TX5AXW Chris Adler Signature Sticks
Discography
With Exit-In
Demo Tape (1988, Independently Released)
With Calibra
Demo Tape (1989, Independently Released)
With Cry Havoc
Demo Tape (1993, Independently Released)
With Jettison Charlie
Hitchhiking to Budapest (1994, Turn of The Century)
"Legions of The Unjazzed"/"I Love You, You Bastard" EP (1996, Peas Kor Records)
With Grouser
Demo Tape (1996, Independently Released)
With Burn the Priest
Demo Tape (1995, Independently Released)
Split with ZED (1997, Goatboy Records)
Split with Agents of Satan (1998, Deaf American Recordings)
Sevens and More (1998, mp3.com)
Burn the Priest (1998, Legion Records)
With Lamb of God
New American Gospel (2000, Prosthetic Records)
As the Palaces Burn (2003, Prosthetic Records)
Terror And Hubris DVD (2004, Prosthetic Records)
Ashes of the Wake (2004, Epic Records)
Killadelphia DVD (2005, Epic Records)
Killadelphia (2005, Epic Records)
Sacrament (2006, Epic Records)
Sacrament DVD (2006, Epic Records)
Walk With Me In Hell DVD (2008, Roadrunner Records/Epic Records)
Wrath (2009, Epic Records/Roadrunner Records)
Solo
Drum Nation Volume 3 (2006, Magna Carta)
Chris Adler and Jason Bittner: Live at Modern Drummer Festival 2005 DVD (2005, Magna Carta)
With EvilDeathInc.
"Full On" Now That's Metal Compilation CD (1996, mp3.com), Sevens and More (1998, mp3.com), Bedroom Compilation Cassette (1995, FFF)
References
^ a b DRUMHEAD Magazine
^ MEINL CYMBALS... INSPIRE: Artists: Chris Adler
^ Pearl Drummers Forum - Pictures of Chris Adler's new kit-HE LEFT AXIS
External links
Official website
Lamb of God at MySpace
Interview with musician Chris Adler on ink19.com
Interview with musician Chris Adler on Rockdetector.com
Musician...
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Teenie Two
Role
Sport aircraft
National origin
United States
Manufacturer
Homebuilt
Designed by
Calvin Y. Parker
First flight
1969
The Parker Teenie Two is a single-seat, single-engine sport aircraft first built in the United States in 1969 and marketed for homebuilding. It is a low-wing, cantilever monoplane of conventional configuration and fixed tricycle undercarriage. The cockpit was designed to be left open, but plans for a canopy to enclose it were made available, the use of which would increase the top speed of the aircraft. The Teenie Two was specifically designed to use a converted Volkswagen automobile engine for power. The outer wing panels can be detached for transport or storage.
It was featured on the cover of a Popular Mechanics magazine issue in May, 1971. The caption on the cover read, "Build a VW-Powered Plane for $750." While the cost of materials have increased since the article's publication, the Teenie Two remains one of the cheapest homebuilt metal airplanes that one may undertake. The Teenie Two may be certified in the Experimental category in the US. A pilot license is required to fly it, as it is not considered an ultralight aircraft in the United States. The airplane does however meet the Light Sport Aircraft requirements as defined by the FAA.
Contents
1 Development
2 Design Philosophy
2.1 Engine
2.2 Fuselage
2.3 Wings
2.4 Landing Gear
2.5 Cockpit
3 Construction
4 Builder Community
5 Performance
6 Safety
7 Plans
8 Variants
9 Derivative Designs
10 Specifications
11 Notes
12 References
13 External links
//
Development
Drawing from the experience with his previous design, the Jeanie's Teenie, Calvin Parker set out to refine the already vastly popular airplane. Improvements on the Jeanie's Teenie included adoption of a fixed horizontal stabilizer, over the all flying tail of the former machine. The aft fuselage was smoothed to follow a straight line from the cockpit to the tail, an aesthetic change that replaced the older plane's bent back appearance. Fuel capacity was increased as was horsepower, resulting in a heavier but faster airplane. Brakes were added as a requirement, as the lighter Jeanie's Teenie could get by without them. The end product was a smoother, streamlined appearance and better handling. The new airplane was named Teenie Two.
Design Philosophy
Teenie Two was conceived as an airplane that could be built using only hand tools, things that would be possessed by the average person in the early 1970s. The philosophy was Keep It Simple. It was intended to be within reach of someone with no previous experience in building an airplane, or in metal work. To this end, the parts are laid out in such a way that they do not require complex jigs or frames of any kind. The materials were also selected because they could be obtained at a typical hardware store of the day.
Engine
Power is derived from the ubiquitous air cooled Volkswagen automobile engine with modifications laid out by the designer in the plans.
Fuselage
The fuselage is a monocoque design.
Wings
The outer wings are detachable to facilitate transportation to an airport. To simplify construction, each wing rib is a single piece and slides onto the main spar. This technique helps in rib alignment. The main spar utilizes a special channel that allows the outer wings to flex and minimizes the amount of material required to brace the wings. Additionally, the airplane is not equipped with flaps.
Landing Gear
The landing gear is tubular steel with springs for shock absorption. The landing gear is a fixed tricycle configuration with nose wheel steering through rudder bar deflection. The main gear is designed to fail in the event of excessive stress, thus preventing damage to the wing structure. The tricycle configuration also eases handling.
Cockpit
The cockpit is ideally minimal, equipped with instrumentation for simple, day, VFR flying. Aileron and elevator control is affected through use of a side stick. This makes ingress/egress of the tight cockpit simpler and prevents leg movements from imparting motion to the stick inflight. Rudder control is actuated by the use of a rudder bar rather than individual pedals, thus reducing complexity.
New designs have the luxury of materials and tools that did not exist or were not readily available to the builders of the 1970s. In principle it is possible to refine older methods, and utilize more diverse materials in construction but the Teenie Two is meant to be built as a minimal airplane, with minimal tools, complexity, skillset, and expense.
Construction
The Teenie Two is constructed primarily of aluminum, with stainless steel and steel making up the balance. Parts are made from sheet, angle, and tubular stock. The aluminum sheet and extruded angles are limited to two required thicknesses, thus simplifying purchases. Components are fastened using steel mandrel blind rivets of various length. The sheet metal is formed over wooden templates traced from the full sized plans. Very little welding is required, and is generally limited to the landing gear, motor mounts, and small control linkages. The airplane is small enough that it can be built in a garage, on a large table. The aircraft can be built in around 300 hours.
Builder Community
Since its introduction in 1969, many builders have shared their knowledge of the construction, maintenance, and flight characteristics of the Teenie Two. The advent of the World Wide Web allowed this knowledge to be shared via two online discussion forums and a pictorial construction gallery. There are also several personal web sites dedicated to the airplane.
Performance
The flight characteristics of the design were intended to be quick but not oversensitive, for mild aerobatics and handling in rough air. The side stick controller also necessitated full control authority by wrist movement alone. With a fuel capacity of 9 gallons and a typical cruise power setting, the Teenie Two has an endurance of nearly 3 1/2 hours.
Safety
The Teenie Two fleet has been flying for over 40 years. Built to plans, there has never been a Teenie Two lost to structural failure. The scale of the airplane requires careful attention to weight and balance. As the plane was intended for simple, cheap VFR flying, builders should resist the urge to install extraneous equipment or features that would increase the weight of the vehicle. It is a design that benefits greatly from frugality and minimalism. Deviation from the plans may significantly alter the flight characteristics of the airplane and present a safety hazard.
Plans
Plans for the Teenie Two take the form of seven full sized sheets, a bound construction manual, and a DVD. The plans may be obtained by contacting Ron Dixon at the official Teenie Two website. Plans are very economical for an airplane of this type and are available to builders outside of the US.
Variants
Teenie Two - original single-seat version
Double Teenie - Two-seat version
Derivative Designs
The Teenie Two design was the inspiration for another airplane designed by Gary Watson, called the Watson Windwagon. A redesign of the Watson Windwagon by Morry Hummel, led to the popular Hummelbird airplane. A closer derivative of the Teenie Two optimized for aerobatics, was developed by Bradley Aerospace and called the Bradley Aerobat.
Specifications
Data from Jane's All the World's Aircraft 198586, p.602
General characteristics
Crew: One pilot
Length: 12 ft 10 in (3.91 m)
Wingspan: 18 ft 0 in (5.49 m)
Empty weight: 310 lb (140 kg)
..
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Blackout is the name of several different fictional characters in the various Transformers universes.
Contents
1 Transformers: Generation 1
1.1 Dreamwave Productions
1.2 Toys
2 Transformers: Armada
2.1 Dreamwave Productions
2.2 Animated series
2.3 Toys
3 Transformers: Energon
3.1 Animated series
3.2 Dreamwave Productions
3.3 Toys
4 2007 Transformers movie
4.1 Transformers: Ghosts of Yesterday
4.2 IDW Publishing
4.3 Movie plot
4.4 Transformers: Meet the Decepticons
4.5 Video Game
4.6 Toys
4.7 Non-transforming merchandise
5 Transformers: Animated
5.1 Animated series
5.2 Fun Publications
6 References
//
Transformers: Generation 1
Transformers character
Blackout
Affiliation
Decepticon
Sub-Group
Micromaster
Function
Ground infantry
Partner
Spaceshot
Alternate Modes
B-1B Lancer bomber jet
Series
Transformers: Generation 1
Blackout was one of a team of two Micromaster Combiners. They came with a Gepard air defense vehicle that could transform to a base. Because Blackout and his partner Spaceshop are regularly pictured together and that they are amongst the lesser-known Micromasters, the exact identity of each Transformer is regularly mistaken for the other.
Dreamwave Productions
Blackout has never appeared in Transformers fiction, except for a profile in Dreamwave Productions' Transformers: More Than Meets the Eye series. His bio painted him as a brave Decepticon warrior, but liable to flee if the odds turned against him. Only Spaceshot's disapproval often keeps this from happening.
Toys
Generation 1 Blackout and Spaceshot (1990)
Transformers: Armada
Transformers character
Armada Blackout toy
Blackout
Affiliation
Mini-Con
Japanese name
Search
Partner
Demolishor
Motto
"Sometimes your inner voice is the best leader."
Alternate Modes
Mobile missile platform
Series
Transformers: ArmadaTransformers: Energon
Blackout is the Mini-Con partner of Demolishor.
Dreamwave Productions
Blackout appeared among the Mini-Cons in issue #18 of the Transformers: Armada comic book who aided Over-Run using the Mini-Con Matrix in the defeat of Unicron.
Blackout's bio painted him as aggressive and independentomething which contrasts with Demolishor's blind loyalty to Megatron. He would voice his thoughts and feelings, even at the risk of a severe beating.
Animated series
In the cartoon, Demolishor used him to find other Mini-Cons.
Toys
Armada Blackout (2002)
Blackout was one of the first-released Mini-Cons that were included with a larger Transformer. Blackout was able to attach to Demolishor to form the front section of the Decepticon's tank mode, or he was able to sit on the seat on Demolishor's back. When attached to a special Mini-Con port, he can fire Demolishor's shoulder missiles.
Armada Powerlinx Blackout
He was later recolored when Demolishor received his Powerlinx upgrade.
Armada Built to Rule Blackout (20032004)
Blackout was also part of the Built to Rule toy line, again as Demolishor's partner, and during 2004, he was recolored with a 'Night Attack' scheme which was not based on an existing Transformers toy. In the Japanese series, Blackout was named Search and later Spark Search when he was recolored.
Energon Blackout (2004)
Ten years after the events in Armada, Demolishor retained his original form, only with a new color scheme. Blackout also received a new color scheme to match Demolishor's. However, Blackout did not appear in the Energon animated series. Blackout did not reappear when the Armada Demolishor toy was repainted for Transformers: Cybertron.
Transformers: Energon
Transformers character
Blackout
Affiliation
Decepticon
Japanese name
Blast Off
Sub-Group
Destruction Team
Alternate Modes
Cybertronian Helicopter
Series
Transformers: Energon
Blackout was a member of the Decepticon Destruction Team and transformed into a helicopter. He was able to combine with his team to form a limb of the giant robot, Bruticus Maximus.
Animated series
In the Energon animated series, Blackout was a seemingly non-sentient drone commanded by team leader, Barricade. As with all of the Energon combiner limbs, Blackout has a twin brother on his teamtormcloud. Their energon weapons were a cannon and a pair of guns. In the Japanese series, each member had the name of a G1 Combaticonlackout's name was Blast Off.
Dreamwave Productions
Although the Transformers: Energon comic book series by Dreamwave Productions was canceled before Blackout could appear in them, the Energon "More Than Meets The Eye" guide book was under development at the time. Pencil art by Guido Guidi was released later showing the art that would have been used with Blackout's profile.
Toys
Energon Blackout (2005)
Shared a mold with Storm Cloud. Later redecoed into Timelines Topspin.
2007 Transformers movie
Transformers character
Blackout in the 2007 Transformers movie
Blackout
Affiliation
Decepticon
Sub-Group
Fast Action Battlers, Micro Vehicles, Voyagers
Partner
Scorponok
Motto
"He who cares for the opinions of others is lost."
Alternate Modes
MH-53M Pave Low IV helicopter, Cybertronian spacecraft
Series
Transformers
English voice actor
Brian Stepanek (animated prequel)Noah Nelson (video game)
Early design for Blackout/Soundwave.
Early leaked scripts of the 2007 live-action film had a Decepticon helicopter named Vortex, after the Generation 1 Combaticon. Possibly due to Hasbro's lack of a trademark on the name Vortex, they changed the name to Blackout. Blackout has had various different names before being finalizedoundwave, Vortex and Incinerator; all names have been used on a Transformers toy at some point before. Leaked concept art for the character had the name "Incinerator" on it.
Blackout transforms into an MH-53M Pave Low IV helicopter. According to screenwriters Roberto Orci and Alex Kurtzman, Blackout is the largest Decepticon, (while Blackout is about 33 feet tall, Megatron, visually, appears larger than any other Transformer in the movie) serving as transportation for the other group members. He is armed with arm-mounted Gatling cannons, an M134 gatling gun used on the Pave Low helicopter, an energy cannon and missile launchers, and has the ability to disrupt electronic devices via EMP blasts. He is also able to detach and wield his tail rotor blades as a close-combat weapon. When out of vehicle mode his main rotors fold into two sets of three onto his back, giving him the appearance of having wings. When in helicopter mode he can simulate the appearance of a human pilot, the same holographic model (referred to as "Mustache Man" on-set and in the credits) that "pilots" Starscream and "drives" Barricade. Blackout can carry Scorponok on his back, a
s seen in both the film and the game.
According to his profile in the second issue of the UK. Transformers magazine, Blackout stands 33 feet 5 inches tall, weighs 2.9 tons and has a maximum speed of 800 mph. The official guide to the Transformers video game says he's 33 feet tall. Both of these heights are much smaller than his alternate mode would suggest. However, in the video game's profile for him, it states that he is often seen "silently looming over Megatron's shoulder" indicating that he would have to be taller than Megatron, and therefore taller than 33 feet. His exact height...
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odding donkey redirects here. For the train, see British Rail "Pacer".
A diagram of a pumpjack.
Pumpjacks (also known as nodding donkeys, pumping units, horsehead pumps, beam pumps, sucker rod pumps (SRP), grasshopper pumps, thirsty birds and jack pumps) are the overground drives for a reciprocating piston pump installed in an oil well. It is used to mechanically lift liquid out of the well if there is not enough bottom hole pressure for the liquid to flow all the way to the surface. The arrangement is commonly used for onshore wells producing relatively little oil. Pumpjacks are common in many oil-rich areas, dotting the countryside and occasionally serving as local landmarks.
Depending on the size of the pump, it generally produces 5 to 40 litres of a crude oil-water mixture (called emulsion) at each stroke. The size of the pump is also determined by the depth and weight of the oil to be removed, with deeper extraction requiring more power to move the heavier lengths of polished rod (see diagram at right).
A pumpjack converts the rotary mechanism of the motor to a vertical reciprocating motion to drive the pump shaft, and is exhibited in the characteristic nodding motion. The engineering term for this type of mechanism is a walking beam. It was often employed in stationary and marine steam engine designs in the 1700s and 1800s.
Contents
1 Above ground
2 Down-hole
3 Gallery
4 See also
5 References
6 External links
//
Above ground
This pumpjack located south of Midland, TX is a common sight in West Texas.
Pumpjacks are powered by a "prime mover". This is commonly an electric motor, but in isolated locations without economic access to electricity may be a combustion engine. The most common "off-grid" pumpjack engines run on casing gas produced from the well, but pumpjacks have been run on many types of fuel, such as propane and diesel. Such motors and engines are often housed inside a shack to protect them from the elements.
The prime mover of the pumpjack runs a set of pulleys to the transmission which in turn drives a pair of cranks, generally with counterweights on them to assist the motor in lifting the heavy string of rods. The cranks in turn raise and lower one end of an I-beam which is free to move on an A-frame. On the other end of the beam, there is a curved metal box called a Horse Head or Donkeys Head, named so due to its appearance. A cable made of steel (or, occasionally, fiberglass) called a bridle, connects the horse head to the polished rod, a piston that passes through the stuffing box. The polished rod has a very close fit to the stuffing box, letting it move in and out of the tubing without fluid escaping (the tubing is a pipe that runs to the bottom of the well through which the liquid is produced). The bridle follows the curve of the horse head as it lowers and raises to create an almost completely vertical stroke. The polished rod is connected to a long string of rods called
sucker rods, which run through the tubing all the way to the down-hole pump at the bottom of the well.
Down-hole
At the bottom of the borehole is the "down-hole pump". This pump consists of two ball valves: a stationary valve called the "standing valve" and a valve on the piston connected to the bottom of the sucker rods that travels up and down as the pump reciprocates, known as the "traveling valve". Reservoir fluid seeps from the formation into the bottom of the borehole through perforations that have been made through the casing and cement (casing is a larger metal pipe that runs the length of the well, which has cement placed between it and the earth. The tubing, pump and sucker rods are all inside the casing). When the rods are traveling up, the traveling valve is closed and the standing valve is open (due to the drop in pressure in the pump barrel). Consequently, the pump barrel fills with the fluid from the formation as the traveling piston lifts the previous contents of the barrel upwards. When the rods begin pushing down, the traveling valve opens and the standing valve closes
(due to an increase in pressure in the pump barrel). The fluid in the barrel (which was sucked in during the upstroke) flows up through the traveling valve. The piston then reaches the end of its stroke and begins its path upwards again, repeating the process. Often, gas is produced through the same perforations as the oil. This can be problematic if gas enters the pump, this can result in "gas locking", where insufficient pressure builds up in the pump barrel to open the valves (due to compression of the gas) and little or nothing is pumped. To avoid this, the inlet for the pump is placed below the perforations. When the gas enters the well bore through the perforations, it bubbles up the annulus (the space between the casing and the tubing) and does not have space to make it into the pump. Once at the surface, the gas is collected through a tube connected to the annulus.
Gallery
A nodding donkey-type pumpjack (painted to resemble a toucan) in the United States
A pumpjack in southern Alberta operating on natural gas. Location: 4-31-5-4 W4M
See also
Gas lift
Progressive cavity pump
Submersible pump
References
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Nodding donkey
All Pumped Up: Evolution of Oilfield Technology, The American Oil & Gas Historical Society, Vol. 3, No. 3, September 2006
v?d?e The petroleum industry
Exploration
Petroleum engineering (Reservoir simulation Seismic to simulation) Petroleum geology Geophysics Seismic (Seismic inversion) Petrophysics Core sampling
Drilling
Drilling engineering Underbalanced drilling Directional drilling (Measurement while drilling Geosteering) Drilling mud Drill Stem Test
Development
Completion (Squeeze job) Well logging Pipeline transport Tracers
Production
Artificial lift (Pumpjack ESP Gas lift) EOR (Steam injection Gas reinjection) Water injection Well intervention
Technical challenges
Differential sticking, Drilling fluid invasion, Blowouts, Lost circulation
Oil and gas agreements
Production sharing agreements, Concessions, Service Agreements, Risk agreements
Data by country
Total energy (consumption per capita intensity) Natural gas (consumption production reserves imports exports) Petroleum (consumption production reserves imports exports)
Supermajors
ExxonMobil Royal Dutch Shell BP Chevron Corporation ConocoPhillips Total S.A. (See Also: National oil companies)
Major oil provinces
North Sea East Texas Persian Gulf Athabasca oil sands Gulf of Mexico Venezuela Niger Delta Russia
Related articles
OPEC Peak oil Oil price increases since 2003 Price of petroleum Society of Petroleum Engineers
Categories: Petroleum production | Petroleum engineering | Pumps
Hidden categories: Articles lacking sources from January 2007 | All articles lacking sources
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Manual breast pump
A breast pump is a mechanical device (powered manually or by electricity) that extracts milk from the breasts of a lactating woman. On June 20, 1854, the United States Patent Office issued Patent No. 11,135 to O.H. Needham for a breast pump. Scientific American (1863) credits L.O. Colbin as the inventor and patent applicant of a breast pump. In 1921-23, engineer Edward Lasker produced a mechanical breast pump that imitated an infant's sucking action and was regarded by physicians as a marked improvement on existing hand-operated breast pumps, which failed to remove all the milk from the breast. The U.S. Patent Office issued Patent No. 1,644,257 for Lasker's breast pump.
Mechanically, a breast pump is directly analogous to a milking machine used in commercial dairy production. A misconception is that the breast pump suctions milk out of the breast. A breast pump's job is to trigger the milk-ejection response or let-down. Most pumps achieve this goal by using suction to pull the nipple into the tunnel of the breast shield or flange then release, which counts as one cycle. Thirty to sixty cycles per minute can be expected with better quality electric breast pumps. It is important to note that in most cases the breast pump is not as efficient at removing milk from the breast as the nursing baby.
The expressed breast milk (EBM) may be stored and later fed to a baby by bottle. Expressed milk may be kept at room temperature for up to ten hours (at 66-72 degrees Fahrenheit, around 20 degrees Celsius), refrigerated for up to 8 days, or frozen for six months in a deep freeze separate from a refrigerator maintained at a temperature of 0 degrees Fahrenheit, ?18 degrees Celsius. Expressed milk may be donated to milk banks, which provide human breast milk to premature infants and other high-risk children whose mothers cannot provide for them.
Electric breast pump
Women use breast pumps for many reasons. Many women use breast pumps to continue breastfeeding after they return to work. They use the pump to express breast milk which is later bottle fed to their child by a caregiver. A breast pump may also be used to stimulate lactation for women with a low milk supply, or who have not just given birth. A breast pump may be used to relieve engorgement, a painful condition whereby the breasts are overfull, possibly preventing a proper latch by the infant. If an infant does not latch properly for direct breastfeeding, and the mother still desires the benefits of breast milk, she may choose to pump exclusively. If the mother needs to take medication that affects the breast milk and may be harmful to the infant, the mother may "pump and dump" the breast milk to keep up her milk supply during the time period that she is on the medication and may resume nursing after the course of medication is completed. Finally, pumping may be desirable to con
tinue lactation and its associated hormones to aid in recovery from pregnancy even if the pumped milk is not used.
Contents
1 Manual breast pumps
2 Electric breast pumps
3 Foot-powered breast pumps
4 Open Collection Systems vs. Closed Collection Systems
5 Breast pumps in popular media
6 References
7 See also
8 External links
8.1 General breast pumping information
8.2 Milk storage guidelines
//
Manual breast pumps
AVENT isis manual breast pump
Manual breast pumps are operated by squeezing a handle in a repetitive fashion, allowing the user to directly control the pressure and frequency of milk expression. Though manual pumps are small and inexpensive, they can require significant effort and can be tiring because the user provides all the power. This style is recommended for infrequent usage such as when a woman is away from her baby for a single feeding. It is recommended that "bicycle horn" style manual pumps not be used. Though cheap, they can damage breast tissue and harbor bacteria in the rubber suction bulb, which is difficult to clean.
Electric breast pumps
Ameda lactaline personal electric breast pump.
Electric breast pumps are powered by a small motor which supplies suction through plastic tubing to a horn that fits over the nipple. The portions of the pump that come into direct contact with the expressed milk must be sterilized to prevent contamination. This style provides a lot more suction, making pumping significantly faster, and allows pumping of both breasts at the same time. Electric breast pumps are ideal for when a mother will be pumping daily. Electric breast pumps are larger than manual ones, but portable models are available (e.g. in a backpack or shoulder bag) that allow the mother to transport the pump.
Some breast pumps are designed to be part of a "feeding system" so that the milk storage portion of the pump is the baby bottle used to feed the infant.
Foot-powered breast pumps
Foot-powered breast pumps cover a middle ground between manual and electric breast pumps. They use the same collection tubing and breast horns as electric breast pumps use, but are powered by a foot pedal, eliminating the work of pumping by hand or the need for finding an electrical outlet with privacy.
Open Collection Systems vs. Closed Collection Systems
The plastic tubing and horn of an electric breast pump are commonly referred to as the collection system. When this style of breast pump was originally developed, the pump suction was supplied through the collection system tubing. This type of collection system design is now referred to as an open system.
Today most electric breast pumps feature a closed collection system. A closed collection system has a barrier or diaphragm that separates the pump tubing from the horn. In this design, the suction of the pump motor lifts the diaphragm to create a vacuum within the collection system to extract milk.
When an open collection system is used, the pump suction can cause milk to overflow it into the collection system tubing, which may lead to milk particles being drawn into the pump motor. If milk leaks into the pump tubing, the tubes should be washed, sterilized and air-dried prior to using the pump again. Failure to thoroughly clean collection tubing may lead to mold growth within the tubing.
The diaphragm in a closed system eliminates the possibility of milk being able to overflow into the pump tubing. Because milk is unable to be exposed to the pump motor, closed collection systems are considered more hygienic than open collection systems. The barrier in a closed collection system breast pump also prevents outside air from contaminating the expressed breastmilk in the collection bottle, which preserves the milk purity.
Breast pumps in popular media
In episode 7 of Fox Broadcasting Company's sitcom The Loop which was broadcast on 13 April 2006, a corporate executive was seen using a breast pump during a meeting. The insensitive boss (Russ) orders, "Next time don't pump your jugs at the table." Later in the episode, the woman replies to a query about a brief absence from another meeting with, "I brought my milk down to my husband so my baby won't starve to death."
In episode 65 of HBO's series Sex and the City, A Vogue Idea, a pregnant Miranda was given an Evenflo breast pump during her baby shower by a colleague at her law firm.
In the 1992 film The Hand That Rocks the Cradle, a nanny hired by the Bartel family tries to sabotage the other mother's milk supply by feeding their infant at night so the infant is full and will not breastfeed from its mother. She uses a breast pump to increase her supply (Flanders had a miscarriage).
In a season 9 episode of the popular NBC series Friends, Joey says that his short-lived feelings for Rachel were somewhat ruined when he witnessed her using a breast pump,...
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Angel 1 Fly
Specifications
Type
Electropneumatic
Action
Semi-Automatic with multiple preset ramping, league and custom modes.
Barrel
14 inches. Carbon fiber tip.
Bore
Multi-bore kit - .691, .693, .695
Rate of fire
30+ balls per second
Retail Price
$1,195 USD
The Angel is an electropneumatic paintball marker manufactured by APS (formerly WDP). First introduced in 1997, the Angel, along with Smart Parts' original Shocker, defined the cutting edge of marker technology when it debuted. As one of the first electronic markers on the market, the first Angel featured firing rates (in terms of balls-per-second) well into the double digits - an achievement previously unheard of.
The Angel was initially distributed in the United States by Brass Eagle as the "1455 Angel Semi-auto", advertised with a rate of fire of 15 BPS (balls per second). This distribution deal with Brass Eagle was short lived, and WDP quickly began distributing the Angel independently. The Angel has since been modified and refined by WDP with many new models released. The most current model is the Angel 1 Fly - based on the Angel 1 platform, but featuring many new performance enhancements such as a first-of-its-kind magnetic valve system, lighter carbon fibre barrel tip, and "Fly paper" removable grip inserts.
Contents
1 History
2 Operation
3 Design evolution
4 References
5 External links
//
History
The engineer responsible for the design of the Angel was John Rice. From conception, the Angel was designed as an "HPA-only" marker. Rice considered CO2 a "dirty gas", and the Angel used several miniaturized components that could not withstand impurities in the air or the cooling effects of CO2. Consequently, WDP released the Gov'nair high pressure air system at the time of the original Angel's release. In 2001 WDP released the Angel A.I.R. high pressure air system to be paired with the Angel line of markers. The system utilized an adjustable-pressure regulator featuring an LCD display system to monitor both tank and output pressures.
Trigger speed was also a determining factor in the design of the Angel. Much of the motivating force for designing the electronic firing sequence was to build a marker that anyone could shoot well, with an extremely short learning curve. The especially light trigger allowed even the most novice players to achieve rates of fire that were previously unattainable, even by many professionals. At the time, the development of an ultra-light trigger pull was unfamiliar territory to Angel designers, and early models of the Angel would fire when a light breeze accidentally activated the trigger.
Operation
The mechanical design of the Angel is very simple in principle, especially to those familiar with the markers predating the Angel. The linked bolt and hammer, stacked-tube design is very similar to low-end blowback markers, such as the Kingman Spyder. The 4-way solenoid valve (referred to a "14-way" by Angel engineer Rice) that drives the ram is essentially an electronically-controlled version of the 4-way valves mounted to the front block of Autococker markers.
The firing sequence is electronically controlled, and starts from the open bolt. At the pull of the trigger, an electronic impulse trips the 4-way valve, pushing compressed gas through the ram from behind, forcing the ram and bolt assembly to move towards the valve, impacting the poppet and releasing gas to the chamber. The paintball is fired with this gas, then the 4-way solenoid reverses, and delivers gas to the front of the ram, returning the ram and bolt assembly to their starting position.
Design evolution
'Major Design Revisions (in chronological order of release):'
Model
Comment
Angel v6
Pre-production prototype
Angel
Known today as the "Angel LED" to differentiate it from the subsequent Angel models which use an LCD programming interface
Angel LCD
Angel IR3
Angel Speed
Introduced the low pressure, or "LP" platform. First angel since LED to have a non LCD readout
Angel 4
Angel 4 Fly
first model to have break-beam anti-chop eyes
Angel Speed 2005
first model to use 9v batteries
Angel G7
Angel G7 Fly
barrel threading change to smaller threads and shaft. also a new key turn style roto breach instead of the old pull and turn style
Angel Speed 2006 / GAT
private label version with different milling
Angel One
barrel threading changes again, G7 Fly threads are still compatible, also first Angel to use a OLED display
Angel One Fly
Sly Dual Carbon Barrel tip, Fly Paper, Standard threaded Vertical Regulator adapter, Magno Air System, Milling.
References
^ Has Paintball Technology Reached a Plateau?, Mohammed S. Alo, April 2004, The Paintball Times
^ http://i258.photobucket.com/albums/hh260/drstrangelovePBN/originalangel.jpg
^ a b c d Interview with John Rice, in Davidson, The Complete Guide to Paintball, Hatherleigh Press, New York. 1999
External links
Angel Paintball Sports Official Website
Angel Owners Group - Official Angel Owners Group
Fix My Angel - Master Tech location and official APS warranty center in North America
Performance Angel - Master Tech location and official APS warranty center in North America
Angel Force - Angel Master Tech Coalition
AngelFAQ.com
- French representation
v?d?ePaintball
Appendix:Glossary of paintball terms
Equipment:
Paintball marker, Electropneumatic paintball marker, Paintball equipment
Paintball Markers:
Angel, Ariakon Overlord, Ariakon SIM-5, Autococker, Automag, Bob Long Intimidator, Bushmaster 2000, CCI Phantom, BT-4 Combat, Dye Matrix, E Matrix, Excalibur, ICD BKO, ICD Freestyle, ICD Promaster, PGP, Planet Eclipse Ego, Proto SLG, RAM P99, Smart Parts Ion, Smart Parts Shocker, Smart Parts SP-8, Spyder MR1, Spyder MR2, Spyder Rodeo, Spyder Victor, Spyder VS2, T68 Paintball Marker, Tippmann 98 Custom, Tippmann A-5, Tippmann C-3, Tippmann SL-68 II
Game Styles:
Paintball variations, Scenario paintball, Speedball, Stock paintball, Tankball, Woodsball, Woodsball strategy, Slingshot paintball
Positions:
Player positions (paintball), Speedball backman, Speedball centerman, Speedball frontman
Media:
Blackballed, The Whiteboard, Greg Hastings Tournament Paintball, Greg Hastings Tournament Paintball MAX'D, Gotcha! The Sport!, Gotcha!, NPPL Championship Paintball 2009
Other Objects:
Paintball tank, Paintball pistol, Paintball bunker
Companies:
Airgun Designs, APS (formerly WDP), DYE Precision, Empire, Indian Creek Designs, JT Sports, Kingman Group, Smart Parts, Special Ops Paintball, Tippmann, Worr Game Products (WGP)
Tournaments
List of professional paintball teams, NCPA (paintball), Ultimate Arena Paintball League, List of paintball leagues, NXL, National Professional Paintball League
Major League Teams
Orange County Bushwackers, Portland Naughty Dogs, Russian Legion, San Antonio X-Factor, San Diego Dynasty
Players
Jeremy Labiano,Oliver Lang, Ryan Podesta, Colt Roberts, Greg Siewers
Categories: Paintball markers
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Cross-section of layers in space suit construction
An (Integrated) Thermal Micrometeoroid Garment (TMG or ITMG) is the outer layer of a space suit. The TMG has three functions: to insulate the suit occupant and prevent heat loss, to shield the occupant from harmful solar radiation, and to protect the astronaut from micrometeoroids and other orbital debris, which could puncture the suit and depressurize it.
The specific design of TMGs varies between different space agencies and different suits, though they all serve the same purpose.
Apollo/Skylab A7L suit
Micrometeoroid impacts in Beta cloth
Outside of a Liquid Cooling and Ventilation Garment, pressure bladder, and restraint layer, the TMG for the A7L suit worn on the Moon and during the Skylab Program began with a layer of neoprene-coated nylon ripstop. This was the innermost layer of protection from micrometeoroids. Next, thermal radiation protection was provided by five layers of aluminized PET film (Mylar), alternating with four layers of nonwoven Dacron, which provided thermal spacing, followed by two layers of aluminized polyimide Kapton film and Beta cloth marquisette laminate. The outermost layer of PTFE (Teflon)-coated filament Beta cloth was non-flammable and provided abrasion protection from the notoriously abrasive lunar dust. This layer was supplemented with Teflon abrasion patches at the knees and other areas.
Space Shuttle/EMU suit
The construction of the TMG on the EMU suits in use on the Space Shuttle and International Space Station differs somewhat from the construction of the Apollo/Skylab TMG.
The EMU TMG includes seven layers of aluminized Mylar laminated with Dacron, rather than five, and eliminates the use of Kapton. The outermost layer is white Ortho-Fabric, made with a blend of Gore-Tex, Kevlar, and Nomex. This layer can withstand temperatures from ?300 to +300 Fahrenheit. The outer layer provides both micrometeoroid and thermal protection, by reflecting most of the sun's thermal radiation.
References
^ Carson, Maurice A.; Rouen, Michael N., Lutz, Charles C., and McBarron, James W. II. Biomedical Results of Apollo - Section VI - Chapter 6 - Extravehicular Mobility Unit. Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center. http://lsda.jsc.nasa.gov/books/apollo/S6CH6.htm.
^ "thermal micrometeoroid garment". everything2. November 13, 2001. http://everything2.com/index.pl?node_id=1198621. Retrieved on 2006-01-07.
v?d?eSpace suits
USSR/ Russia
SK-1 Berkut Krechet Yastreb Sokol Orlan Strizh
United States
Navy Mark IV Gemini MOL Apollo/Skylab A7L Extravehicular Mobility Unit (EMU) Advanced Crew Escape Suit (ACES) Constellation Space Suit
China (PRC)
Shuguang Project 863 Shenzhou 5 Shenzhou 6 Shenzhou 7 Haiying Feitian
Developmental
Mark III I-Suit Space activity suit Constellation Space Suit
Components
Hard Upper Torso (HUT) Liquid Cooling and Ventilation Garment (LCVG) Maximum Absorbency Garment (MAG) Primary Life Support System (PLSS) Thermal Micrometeoroid Garment (TMG/ ITMG)
Related topics
Extra-vehicular activity (EVA) Manned Maneuvering Unit (MMU) Pressure suit
Categories: Human spaceflight | Space suit components
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For other uses, see Furnace (disambiguation).
Industrial Furnace from 1907
A furnace is a device used for heating. The name derives from Latin fornax, oven. The earliest furnace was excavated at Balakot, a site of the Indus Valley Civilization, dating back to its mature phase (c. 2500-1900 BC). The furnace was most likely used for the manufacturing of ceramic objects.
In American English and Canadian English, the term furnace on its own is generally used to describe household heating systems based on a central furnace (known either as a boiler or a heater in British English), and sometimes as a synonym for kiln, a device used in the production of ceramics. In British English the term furnace is used exclusively to mean industrial furnaces which are used for many things, such as the extraction of metal from ore (smelting) or in oil refineries and other chemical plants, for example as the heat source for fractional distillation columns.
The term furnace can also refer to a direct fired heater, used in boiler applications in chemical industries or for providing heat to chemical reactions for processes like cracking, and is part of the standard English names for many metallurgical furnaces worldwide.
The heat energy to fuel a furnace may be supplied directly by fuel combustion, by electricity such as the electric arc furnace, or through Induction heating in induction furnaces.
Contents
1 Household furnaces
1.1 Modern Furnace components
1.2 Heat distribution
2 Metallurgical furnaces
2.1 See also
3 Industrial process furnaces
3.1 Radiant section
3.2 Convection section
3.3 Burner
3.4 Sootblower
3.5 Stack
3.6 Insulation
4 Outdoor wood-fired boilers
4.1 Description
4.2 Benefits
4.3 Controversy
5 See also
6 Notes
7 References
8 External links
//
Household furnaces
A condensing furnace
A household furnace is a major appliance that is permanently installed to provide heat to an interior space through intermediary fluid movement, which may be air, steam, or hot water. The most common fuel source for modern furnaces in the United States is natural gas; other common fuel sources include LPG (liquefied petroleum gas), fuel oil, coal or wood. In some cases electrical resistance heating is used as the source of heat, especially where the cost of electricity is low.
Combustion furnaces always need to be vented to the outside. Traditionally, this was through a chimney, which tends to expel heat along with the exhaust. Modern high-efficiency furnaces can be 98% efficient and operate without a chimney. The small amount of waste gas and heat are mechanically ventilated through a small tube through the side or roof of the house.
"High-efficiency" in this sense may be misleading, because furnace efficiency is typically expressed as a "first-law" efficiency, whereas the energy efficiency of a typical furnace is much lower than the first-law thermal efficiency. By comparison, cogeneration has a higher energy efficiency than is realizable from burning fuel to generate heat directly at a moderate temperature. However, as the vast majority of consumers (as well as many government regulators) are unfamiliar with exergy efficiency, Carnot efficiency, and the second law of thermodynamics, the use of first-law efficiencies to rate furnaces is well-entrenched.
Modern household furnaces are classified as condensing or non-condensing based on their efficiency in extracting heat from the exhaust gases. Furnaces with efficiencies greater than approximately 89% extract so much heat from the exhaust that water vapor in the exhaust condenses; they are referred to as condensing furnaces. Such furnaces must be designed to avoid the corrosion that this highly acidic condensate might cause and may need to include a condensate pump to remove the accumulated water. Condensing furnaces can typically deliver heating savings of 20%-35% assuming the old furnace was in the 60% Annual Fuel Utilization Efficiency (AFUE) range.
Modern Furnace components
The furnace components can be divided into three categories.
1. The burners, heat exchanger, draft inducer, and venting.
2. The controls and safety devices.
3. The blower and air movement.
The flame originates at the burners and is drawn into the heat exchanger by the negative pressure produced by the draft inducer. The hot gasses produced by the combustion of the flame pass through the chambers of the heat exchanger and heat the metal walls of the heat exchanger. The gasses cool as they transfer the heat to the heat exchanger and are at about 120 degrees as they exit on a high efficiency furnace. The cooled gasses then enter the draft inducer blower and are pushed into the venting pipes. The exhaust gasses then are directed out of the house through the vent pipes.
The controls include the gas valve, ignition control, ignitor, flame sensor, transformer, limit control, blower control board, and flame roll out switch. The transformer provides 24 volts of electricity to power the controls. 24 volts is applied to the thermostat that is installed in the living space. The thermostat is basically an automatic switch that closes and completes the electrical circuit when the room temperature drops below the heat setting. This then allows 24 volts to the circuit board which initiates the heat sequence. The circuit board has a relay that closes to power up the motor on the draft inducer blower. Then the circuit board ignitor relay is energized which sends 120 volts to the hot surface ignitor and makes it glow bright and get extremely hot. Next the gas valve relay in the circuit board is energized. This allows voltage to the gas valve and energizes a solenoid coil in the gas valve which opens the valve to allow gas to flow to the burners. The gas f
lows into the burners and is ignited by the hot surface ignitor. The ignition control circuit board applies an AC voltage to the flame sensor which is just a stainless steel rod. A interesting thing occurs inside a burning flame called ionization. That is free electrons are produced which can conduct electricity through the flame itself. The electrons will normally flow from the flame sensor, through the flame when present, and back to ground through the grounded burners. The ignition system must prove that a flame is present to continue the gas flow or if no flame shut off the gas flow through the gas valve to prevent a possible explosion. It also must not be fooled into thinking there is a flame present by a flame sensor that is touching the ground from being broken or bent. The way it does this is by a diode effect where the sensor surface area is less than 10% of the ground surface area. This produces a half wave of electrical current out of each full wave. The ignition
control circuit detects the half wave to determine if the sensor is merely touching ground. If the ignition control receives this half wave signal from the flame sensor then combustion will continue. Now the circuit board timer counts a determined amount of time and energizes the blower relay. This relay powers up the blower motor and air is then pushed through the heat exchanger where it removes the heat from the hot metal and enters the ductwork to go to the various rooms in the house. The limit control is a safety device that will open the electrical circuit to the ignition control and stop the gas flow if the furnace over heats. The flame roll out switch does the same thing if the flame was rolling out of the heat exchanger instead of being completely induced into it by the draft inducer.
The blower creates a negative pressure on the intake side which draws air into the ductwork return air system and blows the air out through the heat exchanger and then into...
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One of several gardens within the International Rose Test Garden
The International Rose Test Garden is a rose garden in Washington Park in Portland, Oregon, United States. There are over 7,000 rose plants of approximately 550 varieties. The roses bloom from April through October with the peak coming in June, depending on the weather. New rose cultivars are continually sent to the garden from many parts of the world and are tested for color, fragrance, disease resistance and other attributes. It is the oldest continuously operating public rose test garden in the United States and exemplifies Portland's nickname of the City of Roses.
Contents
1 Features
2 History
3 Photo gallery
4 References
5 External links
//
Features
The International Rose Test Garden has 4.5 acres (18k m2) in several tiers facing downtown Portland, the Willamette River and East Portland. On clear days there are views of the Cascade Mountains, with Mount Hood featured prominently.
An amphitheater hosts many events throughout the year, predominantly classical music concerts and a few plays. During good weather the amphitheater is popular with picnickers and people throwing the disc around. The Queens Walk is a brick walkway at the side of the garden with a bronze star honoring each Rose Festival queen since 1907.
The Shakespeare Garden originally contained botanicals mentioned in the works of William Shakespeare. This was later modified to include fewer sun-loving plants due to the copious shade provided by the surrounding trees. There is a formal walkway, raised sitting area, and immaculately tended flora. The rose varieties are named after characters in his plays. It is popular for special occasions, particularly small weddings.
The Gold Medal Garden is a formal garden with award winning roses, walkways, a central fountain, and a gazebo. It is also a frequent site for weddings.
The Royal Rosarian Garden has paid tribute since 1924 to the goodwill ambassadors and official greeters who serve in the many Rose Festival events. As each rosarian is knighted, they adopt a rose variety as their namesake. A rose is planted in this garden for each of the highest ranking Rosarian Prime Ministers. This garden-within-a-garden contains many roses which are no longer commercially available.
The Miniature Rose Garden is one of only six such testing grounds for the American Rose Society. The elevated beds at the entrance are popular for their unique varieties.
A panoramic view of the International Rose Test Garden
The Rose Garden Store opened May 1, 2000 to provide guest services.
An abstract stainless steel sculpture and reflection pool and several fountains mix classical and modern styles. Each area of the rose garden has unique character: rose varieties, trees, terrain, lawn.
The roses and other plantings are tended by one year-round gardenerwo during the summernd many volunteers. Approximately 500 hours are volunteered yearly by local enthusiasts
History
In 1917 a group of Portland nurserymen came up with the idea for an American rose test garden. Portland had an enthusiastic group of volunteers and 20 miles of rose bordered streets, largely from the 1905 Lewis & Clark Exposition. Portland was already dubbed "The City of Roses" so this was leveraged to enhance the reputation. Between Portland Parks and Recreation and the American Rose Society, the garden soon became a reality.
Jessie Currey, president of Portland's Rose Society at the time, petitioned for the city to serve as a safe haven for hybrid roses grown in Europe during World War I. Rose lovers feared that these unique plants could be destroyed as a result of the war. Foreign hybridists sent roses for test from many countries and the garden was an immediate success. Today, Portland is the only North American city that can issue its awards to roses of merit throughout the world.
Photo gallery
The amphitheatre at the Rose Test Garden
One view of the many rose beds in the garden
Winter in the Shakespeare Garden
A pink rose at the Rose Test Garden, unknown cultivar
An open red rose and rosebud at the Rose Test Garden, unknown cultivar
Roses abound throughout the garden
Another view of the garden
A rose with dew on the petals, from the International Rose Test Garden
References
FAQ sign at main entrance
Rose Garden store FAQs
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to: International Rose Test Garden
Portland Rose Society
Portland Parks & Recreation's page
The Royal Rosarians
Rose Garden gift store and information center
Coordinates: 4531?09?N 12242?20?W? / ?45.51908 122.70557? / 45.51908; -122.70557
Categories: Municipal parks in Portland, Oregon | Botanical gardens in Portland, Oregon | Gardens in Oregon
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(Redirected from Clinometer)
Compass with inclinometer
An inclinometer or clinometer is an instrument for measuring angles of slope (or tilt), elevation or inclination of an object with respect to gravity. It is also known as a tilt meter, tilt indicator, slope alert, slope gauge, gradient meter, gradiometer, level gauge, level meter, declinometer, and pitch & roll indicator. Clinometers measure both inclines (positive slopes, as seen by an observer looking upwards) and declines (negative slopes, as seen by an observer looking downward).
Contents
1 History
2 Accuracy
3 Sensor technology
4 Usages
4.1 Survey methods
5 See also
6 External links
//
History
Early inclinometers include examples such as Well's inclinometer, the essential parts of which are a flat side, or base, on which it stands, and a hollow disk just half filled with some heavy liquid. The glass face of the disk is surrounded by a graduated scale that marks the angle at which the surface of the liquid stands, with reference to the flat base. The line 0.0. being parallel to the base, when the liquid stands on that line, the flat side is horizontal; the line 90.90. being perpendicular to the base, when the liquid stands on that line, the flat side is perpendicular or plumb. Intervening angles are marked, and, by the aid of simple conversion tables, the instrument indicates the rate of fall per set distance of horizontal measurement, and set distance of the sloping line.
The earliest electronic inclinometers used a weight, an extension, and a potentiometer. Early in the 1900's (circa 1917) precision curved glass tubes filled with a damping liquid and steel ball were introduced to provide accurate visual angle indication. Common sensor technologies for electronic tilt sensors and inclinometers are accelerometer, liquid capacitive, electrolytic, gas bubble in liquid, and pendulum. MEMS (Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems) technology is becoming the new standard due to their tiny size and low cost.
Accuracy
Certain highly sensitive electronic inclinometer sensors can achieve an output resolution to 0.001 degrees - depending on the technology and angle range, it may be limited to 0.01o. An inclinometer sensor's true or absolute accuracy (which is the combined total error), however, is a combination of initial sets of sensor zero offset and sensitivity, sensor linearity, hysteresis, repeatability, and the temperature drifts of zero and sensitivity - electronic inclinometers accuracy can typically range from .01o to 2o depending on the sensor and situation. Typically in room ambient conditions the accuracy is limited to the sensor linearity specification.
The Well's clinometer
A simple clinometer
Sensor technology
Tilt sensors and inclinometers generate an artificial horizon and measure angular tilt with respect to this horizon. They are used in cameras, aircraft flight controls, automobile security systems, and special switches. Also used for platform leveling, boom angle indication, anywhere tilt requires measuring. Important specifications to consider when searching for tilt sensors and inclinometers are the tilt angle range and number of axes. The tilt angle range is the range of desired linear output measured in degrees. The number of axes the inclinometer and tilt sensor measure on is another important specification.
Common sensor technologies for tilt sensors and inclinometers are accelerometer, Liquid Capacitive, electrolytic, gas bubble in liquid, and pendulum.
Tilt sensor technology has also been implemented in video games. Yoshi Topsy-Turvy and Kirby Tilt 'n' Tumble are both built around a tilt sensor mechanism, which is built into the cartridge. The PlayStation 3 and Wii game controllers also use tilt as a means to play video games.
Inclinometers are also used in Engineering fields where it's used to measure the inclination of a land to build on.
Usages
Inclinometers are used for:
Determining the angle of the earth's magnetic field in respect to the horizontal plane.
Showing the inclination of an aircraft or ship relative to the horizontal. An airplane instrument. See turn coordinator or slip indicator.
Showing a deviation from the true vertical or horizontal.
Surveying, in order to measure an angle of inclination or elevation.
Rollover warning, to alert equipment operator of possible tip over condition.
Measuring angles of elevation, slope, or incline, as of an embankment. Also called an inclinometer.
Measuring slight differences in slopes, particularly for geophysics. Such inclinometers are, for instance, used for monitoring volcanoes, or for measuring the depth and rate of landslide movement.
Measuring movements in walls and/or the ground in civil engineering projects.
Determining the dip of beds or strata, or the slope of an embankment or cutting; a kind of plumb level.
Some automotive safety systems.
Indicating pitch and roll of vehicles, sail boats, and aircraft.
Monitoring boom angle of cranes and material handlers.
Measuring the "look angle" of a satellite antenna towards a satellite.
Measuring the slope angle of a tape or chain during distance measurement.
Estimating the height of a building, tree, or other feature using a vertical angle and a distance (determined by taping or pacing).
Measuring the angle of drilling in well-logging applications.
Measuring the height of trees or other poles.
Measuring steepness of a ski slope.
Measuring the orientation of planes and lineations in rocks, in combination with a compass. (see structural geology)
Measuring Range of Motion in the joints of the body
Measuring the angles of elevation to, and ultimately computing the altitudes of, many things otherwise inaccessible for direct measurement. This is especially useful in a classroom setting with children who will learn a valuable skill that applies directly to many careers.
Survey methods
Inclinometers are used for the measurement of angles in reference to gravity.
The USDA Forest Service uses inclinometers to measure tree height in its Forest Inventory and Analysis program.
Using Range of Motion instruments such as Titronics R&D's.
See also
Theodolite
Clinometer (forestry)
External links
Inclinometer Blog - General Inclinometer Information
Categories: Dimensional instruments | Inclinometers
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Nukees
Author(s)
Darren "Gav" Bleuel
Website
http://www.nukees.com/
Current status / schedule
Updated every Monday, Wednesday, and Friday.
Launch date
1997-01-21
Nukees is a webcomic by Darren "Gav" Bleuel which focuses on the lives of a group of graduate students in the department of nuclear engineering (often abbreviated Nuc.E., whence the title) at the University of California, Berkeley. The strip began on January 21, 1997, and although the author completed his nuclear engineering Ph.D. on May 23, 2003, he has continued writing the strip. It was published online by Keenspot until July 2008, and also runs in the Berkeley student newspaper, The Daily Californian. A collection of strips, entitled Nukees: d/dx, was published by Plan 9 Publishing. Few copies from the original Plan 9 printing remain in stock, and Plan 9 has expressed no indication that there will be a reprinting available through them.
Bleuel also works as a postdoctoral physicist at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory. He has proudly never missed an update.
Contents
1 Characters
2 Agnostica
3 'Gavspotting'
4 References
5 Footnotes
6 External links
//
Characters
Gav: The cynical-turned-maniacal protagonist and 10th-year grad student. He will eventually complete his thesis, perhaps even in a few more years if he can remember his thesis topic.
Suzy Gee: Formerly a psychology major, now a nukee. She does not handle the unusual as well as some of the others. She has been declared a Duchess by King Luca, and is referred to by that title by the students she TAs.
'King' Luca: A self-declared suzerain, constantly on the search for new loyal subjects and self-delusions. No one's quite certain (possibly including himself) what his reality must be like. He was previously in a relationship with Suzy Gee. King Luca seems to be the ringleader of most Agnostica activity in the department. (Compare Emperor Norton).
Danny: A motivated yet confusing theorist whose mind works on a plane with which no one is quite comfortable. He works without questioning, and questions without thinking. Danny never uses contractions unless he is upset. He has an obsession with Teri, and during one story arc became the dashing Dr. ~hua/bin/hood in order to save her from Gav. Considering the way he interacts with the world, he may also have Aspergers Syndrome or be an INTP.
Teri the Terapet: Originally a graphic calculator-based digital pet, this emergent AI is now loose and enjoys tormenting Gav. Frequently she appears inhabiting/operating a giant robot ant (originally designed and constructed by Danny). It has recently been revealed that she has been repeatedly hacking Gav's police record adding things like "Assault with a deadly ant" or "Grand theft robot". This has caused the police to lock Gav's record, effectively rendering him unarrestable.
Ma'at: The Egyptian goddess/concept of order, balance, and truth, whom Gav falls in love with, as his goals involve truth, order, and efficiency. She may be a product of his imagination. Gav also thought at one stage that Teri produced the illusion of Ma'at in order to play on his vulnerabilities. (See Nukees 06242005 June 24th 2005, under the series "Love Her to Death").
Cecilia: A law student involved with the Nukees from the Duchess's involvement as a TA in one of her classes. She is attracted to powerful men, often playing them against each other, and has an obsession with office supplies.
Linus: A penguin who accompanied Gav during his exile in Antarctica; Gav named him after Linus Torvalds, the creator of Linux. Linus later followed Gav back to Berkeley (in the Giant Ant, which had been left behind on the ice shelf) and eventually learned Linux system programming. Linus was instrumental in stopping a reactor coolant leak, and accompanied Danny on his adventures as /hua/bin/hood, and his journey into nether reaches of the EECS department.
Agnostica
"Agnostica" is a holiday for agnostics that was created by King Luca in the 'King Luca Agnostic Holiday Special" . December 14 is the start of the Agnostica Holiday, as on December 14, 1900, Max Planck presented experimental results in front of the German Physical Society and announced that they could best be explained if energy exists in discrete packets called quanta, beginning the field of quantum physics.
Agnostica is celebrated by throwing a party where the attendees dress up as their favorite scientist of yore and have a good time. Other items necessary for an authentic Agnostica party include:
Gl?gi (see mulled wine or glogg)
A Schr?dinger Box (a large box that no one is allowed to open, representing the famous Schr?dinger's cat thought experiment)
Mobius Chains (chains of interconnected M?bius strips)
Mystery Punch
A Random Bag of Fun (a bag of simple and inexpensive gifts, which everyone participating in the gift exchange gets to blindly pick from)
In 2004, Darren Bleuel hosted a worldwide Random Bag of Fun, encouraging readers to mail in either gifts or else a donation of twenty dollars, so that they could then be mailed a random gift back. About twenty-five people participated.
'Gavspotting'
While Cameo appearances are a common in webcomics, the frequency of cameos of both the character of Gav van Darin, and Nukees creator Darren 'Gav' Bleuel (whose real-life appearance is as striking as that of any comic character), has become a phenomenon unto itself, especially among Keenspot webcomics. Such cameos, called Gavspottings, are listed on a page in the Nukees web site; when discussing them, it is the usual practice to add either 'character' or 'artist' after the name in subscript to differentiate the two.
Gavcharacter's appearances include (but are not limited to) Clan of the Cats, Sluggy Freelance, General Protection Fault and College Roomies From Hell. Gavartist has appeared in Clan of the Cats (as Gavcharacter's servant), Framed!, Schlock Mercenary, and El Goonish Shive, among others.
These latter two are noteworthy because the fictionalized versions of Dr. Bleuel have become recurring characters in their own right, especially in Schlock Mercenary, where, after having been revived from suspended animation a thousand years in the future, he was duplicated over 950 million times due to an incident involving a teleportation device; these 'Gavs' have become an entire ethnic group of their own, and appearances of Gavs both in the main story and in background shots has become a running gag. In El Goonish Shive, he is portrayed as a high school physics teacher, embittered over the lack of respect for the laws of nature by certain of the characters; as of June 2006, this version of Gavartist has only had a single appearance, but author Dan Shive has stated that he will show up again in the future. Some fans have taken to referring to these versions as GavSchlock and GavEGS to differentiate them from ordinary cameos.
References
This section requires expansion.
Footnotes
External links
The official Nukees webpage
The official Agnostica webpage
Categories: Webcomics | 1990s webcomics | 2000s webcomics
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For other uses, see Hardwood (disambiguation).
Beech is a popular temperate zone hardwood
SEM images showing the presence of pores in hardwoods (Oak, top) and absence in softwoods (Pine, bottom)
The term hardwood is used to describe wood from non-monocot angiosperm trees and for those trees themselves. These are usually broad-leaved; in temperate and boreal latitudes they are mostly deciduous, but in tropics and subtropics mostly evergreen.
Hardwood contrasts with softwood, which comes from conifer trees. On average, hardwood is of higher density and hardness than softwood, although there is an enormous variation in actual wood hardness in both groups, with the range in density in hardwoods completely including that of softwoods; some hardwoods (e.g. balsa) are softer than most softwoods, while yew is an example of a hard softwood.
Common deciduous European and North American hardwoods include the oaks (Quercus spp.), beech (Fagus spp.), ash (Fraxinus spp.), maple (Acer spp.) and cherry (Prunus spp.). Examples of European evergreen trees that yield specialty hardwoods (used in small volumes) include holly (Ilex aquifolium), boxwood (Buxus sempervirens) and holm oak (Quercus ilex). Important tropical hardwoods include teak (Tectona grandis), mahogany (Swietenia spp.), ebony (Diospyros spp.) and lauan (Shorea spp.).
Hardwoods are more varied than softwood. There are about a hundred times as many hardwoods as softwoods. The dominant feature separating hardwoods from softwoods is the presence of pores, or vessels. The vessels may show considerable variation in size, shape of perforation plates (simple, scalariform, reticulate, foraminate), and structure of cell wall (e.g. spiral thickenings).
Hardwoods are employed in a large range of applications including: construction, furniture, flooring, utensils, etc. Solid hardwood joinery tends to be expensive compared to softwood. In the past, tropical hardwoods were easily available but the supply of some species such as Burma teak and mahogany is now becoming restricted due to overexploitation. Cheaper "hardwood" doors, for instance, now consist of a thin veneer bonded to a core of softwood, plywood or medium-density fibreboard (MDF). Hardwoods can also be used in a variety of objects but mainly for furniture or musical instruments because of their density.
See also
List of woods
Softwood
Wood flooring
Janka Wood hardness rating
References
^ CRC Handbook of Materials Science, Vol IV, pg 15
Further reading
Schweingruber, F.H. (1990) Anatomie europ?ischer H?lzernatomy of European woods. Eidgen?ssische Forschungsanstalt f Wald, Schnee und Landscaft, Birmensdorf (Hrsg,). Haupt, Bern und Stuttgart.
Timonen, Tuuli (2002). Introduction to Microscopic Wood Identification. Finnish Museum of Natural History, University of Helsinki.
Wilson, K., and D.J.B. White (1986). The Anatomy of Wood: Its Diversity and variability. Stobart & Son Ltd, London.
External links
Center for Wood Anatomy Research
Hardwood Information Chart
Categories: Wood | Forestry stubs
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Curly Horse
Bashkir Curly
Distinguishing features:
curly coat, mane and tail.
Alternative names:
American Bashkir Curly
Country of origin:
North America
Common nicknames:
Curly
A Curly is a breed of horse. Curlies, also called Bashkir Curlies, American Bashkir Curlies, and North American Curly Horses, come in all sizes, colors, and body types but all carry a gene for a unique curly coat of hair.
Contents
1 Traits
1.1 Coat, mane and tail
1.2 Hypoallergenic
1.3 Build
2 Origin
3 Registries and Organizations
4 Show Horse & Companion Mount
5 See also
6 References
7 External links
//
Traits
The Curlies are known for their calm and intelligent and friendly personality. They show a very easy trainable temperament. They also show tough constitutions and great stamina. Most people have found that the curlies enjoy being around people. The curlies are typically not flighty. They tend to do more reasoning than most breeds. They are very reliable and have a great work ethic.
A Curly in full winter coat
Coat, mane and tail
The unique gene that gives Curlies their curly hair (which is most obvious with their winter coat) can be expressed minimally (horse exhibits curly hair inside ears, at fetlocks, and a kinky mane and tail), maximally (horse exhibits curl all over body, has extremely dreadlocked mane, and has curly eyelashes and guard hairs), Extreme (very tight, extreme curls, but when they shed out for summer can shed entirely bald) or any variation in between. The coat in the summer shows a slight wave in it, but not as extreme as the winter curls. http://www.curlyhorses.org/index.php?page=faqcurly Because the trait can be carried heterozygously, some purebred Curlies exhibit no curl at all. (Called "smooth coat" curlies) Curlies have split manes and are not braided or clipped when shown. Curlies are most commonly chestnut colored, but can be found in every color from standard bays, blacks, and greys, to appaloosa markings; from pinto patterns to dilute colors such as buckskin, roan, grulla
, and cremello.
The care for the curly hair is simple. Most people choose to not comb the mane due to the fact that the hair will lose its curliness. The manes are often trimmed to keep them from matting. The tails can be combed. Some people choose to collect the hair that is shed from the mane and tails in the spring. The hair is then donated to the ICHO Fiber Guild. They use the hair for spinning. All of the proceeds go to ICHO Curly Research Efforts.
Hypoallergenic
Characteristic Winter Coat of a Curly
Closeup of Curly Coat in Winter
Curlies are acclaimed to be the only hypoallergenic horse breed; most people allergic to horses can handle Curly Horses without suffering any allergic reaction. Research indicates a protein is missing from the fur of Curlies which may be what causes allergic reactions to horses in allergy suffers, but the study was never officially published. Members of the Curly Community are working towards funding more research on this.
Build
The Curly has a characteristic long stride and bold movement. They have tough hooves, strong bones and exceptional endurance. Most Curlies stand between 14 and 16 hands, though they can range from Miniature horses to Draft horses (Only allowed in two registries).
Origin
The origins of the Curly horse is highly debated in the Curly community, but research is mostly still in progress. Disagreements of the Curly horse's history result in confusion of what the breed is, and what it should be called. ABCR members prefer "Bashkir Curly" while CSI & ICHO members lean towards "North American Curly". The addition or removal of 'Bashkir' to the breed name is highly debated.
It's said Curly horses were documented in Asian artwork as early as 161 AD. Charles Darwin documented curly horses in South America in the early 1800s and the early Sioux Indians regarded curly horses as sacred mounts for chiefs and medicine men. Native American artwork shows Curlies carrying warriors in the Battle of Little Bighorn.[citation needed]
Another theory is that the origin of the breed is Iberian. It has been noted that foals of cross bred horses have the curly hair. This shows evidence that the curly gene is dominant.
Registries and Organizations
The American Bashkir Curly Registry (ABCR) opened in 1971 with only 21 horses; as of May 2005 there were just over 4,000 Bashkir Curlies in the world, primarily in North America. They are the original standing Curly Registry, and have a closed stud book- only issuing new registrations to horses with two ABCR registered parents.
The International Curly Horse Organization (ICHO) began in 2000 and had over 800 horses registered in its North American Curly Horse Registry (as of Oct. 2006). Horses within this registry are not referred to as "Bashkir Curlies". Although bloodlines (when available) are tracked, the ICHO registers horses based on visible curly traits rather than bloodlines.
Curly Sporthorse International (CSI) began in early 2003 to promote sport horse type Curly Horses, which are one of the more popular types of Curlies. CSI was created to support Curly owners & breeders in improvement of breeding stock, promotion, & marketing. The registry also sponsors Horse of the Year awards and USDF All Breed Awards for performance. CSI advocates evaluation of breeding stock & their offspring.
Canadian Curly Horse Association (CCHA) formed in 1993. This group is focused on community events in the Curly world, and spreading knowledge of the Curly horse.
Show Horse & Companion Mount
Though eye catching and unusual in the show ring, Curlies have the movement, endurance, and heart to excel in competition. Several Curlies have made a name for themselves at upper levels of dressage and show jumping, but countless others have proved the reliable mount and patient teacher for the weekend competitor. Curlies are characteristically quiet, level headed horses that make excellent first horses for supervised beginner riders. Curlies are forgiving and adaptable and many have carried horse-allergic riders from raw beginner to achieving the once-believed-impossible dream of showing horses.[citation needed] The curlies have been used for combined driving, western, ranch horses, trail horses, and excelent pasture buddies. Some of the curlies have been cross bred to gaited horses. About 10% of the cross bred will do either the running walk, fox trot or the stepping pace, which is also called the curly shuffle. The curlies are not used for racing or high trotting showing.
See also
Bashkir Pony
References
^ Curly genetics
^ http://www.curlyhorses.org/index.php?page=faqcurly
^
^ Breed standard
^ Standard 2
^ http://www.curlyhorses.org/index.php?page=faqcurly
^
^
^
^
^
^
^
^
^
^ http://www.curlyhorses.org/index.php?page=faqcurly
External links
Curly Sport Horse International Registry
American Bashkir Curly Registry
International Curly Horse Organization
Canadian Curly Horse Association
Curly Horse Pedigree Database
Curly Horse Country, Fun, Informative Resource site!
Photos of Bashkir Curly Horses
Categories: Horse breeds
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For other uses, see Rust (disambiguation).
Iron alloy phases
v?d?e
Ferrite (?-iron, ?-iron; soft)Austenite (?-iron; harder)SpheroiditePearlite (88% ferrite, 12% cementite)BainiteMartensiteLedeburite (ferrite-cementite eutectic, 4.3% carbon)Cementite (iron carbide, Fe3C; hardest)
Steel classes
Carbon steel (?2.1% carbon; low alloy)Stainless steel (+chromium)Maraging steel (+nickel)Alloy steel (hard)Tool steel (harder)
Other iron-based materials
Cast iron (>2.1% carbon)Ductile ironWrought iron (contains slag)
Rust on a chain fence
Rusted bolt
A blacksmith removing rust with sand prior to welding
Rust damage in automobiles can create hidden dangers.
Rusting can completely degrade iron. Note the galvanization on the unrusted portions.
Rust in pipes can result in brown and black water.
Rust is a general term for a series of iron oxides, usually red oxides, formed by the reaction of iron and oxygen in the presence of water or air moisture. Several forms of rust are distinguishable visually and by spectroscopy, and form under different circumstances. Rust consists of hydrated iron(III) oxides Fe2O3H2O, iron(III) oxide-hydroxide (FeO(OH), Fe(OH)3. Rusting is the common term for corrosion of iron and its alloys, such as steel. Other metals undergo equivalent corrosion, but the resulting oxides are not commonly called rust. Given sufficient time, oxygen, and water, any iron mass eventually converts entirely to rust and disintegrates. The corrosion of aluminium is extremely slow because the resulting aluminium oxide forms a conformal coating, which protects the remaining aluminium. This process is known as passivation.
Contents
1 Chemical reactions
1.1 The oxidation of iron metal
1.2 Chemical reactions associated with rusting
2 Rust prevention
3 Economic impact
4 See also
5 References
6 External links
//
Chemical reactions
The oxidation of iron metal
When in contact with water and oxygen, or other strong oxidant or acids, iron will rust. If salt is present, for example, in salt water, the metal rusts much quicker. Iron metal is relatively unaffected by pure water or by dry oxygen. As with other metals, a tightly adhering oxide coating, a passivation layer, protects the bulk iron from further oxidation. Thus, the conversion of the passivating iron oxide layer to rust results from the combined action of two agents, usually oxygen and water. Other degrading solutions are sulfur dioxide in water and carbon dioxide in water. Under these corrosive conditions, iron(III) species are formed. Unlike iron(II) oxides, iron(III) oxides are not passivating because these materials do not adhere to the bulk metal. As these iron(III) compounds form and flake off from the surface, fresh iron is exposed, and the corrosion process continues until all of the iron(0) is either consumed or all of the oxygen, water, carbon dioxide, or sulfur dio
xide in the system are removed or consumed.
Chemical reactions associated with rusting
The rusting of iron is an electrochemical process that begins with the transfer of electrons from iron to oxygen. The rate of corrosion is affected by water and accelerated by electrolytes, as illustrated by the effects of road salt on the corrosion of automobiles. The key reaction is the reduction of oxygen:
O2 + 4 e- + 2 H2O ? 4 OH-
Because it forms hydroxide ions, this process is strongly affected by the presence of acid. Indeed, the corrosion of most metals by oxygen is accelerated at low pH. Providing the electrons for the above reaction is the oxidation of iron that may be described as follows:
Fe ? Fe2+ + 2 e?
The following redox reaction also occurs in the presence of water and is crucial to the formation of rust:
4 Fe2+ + O2 ? 4 Fe3+ + 2 O2?[]
Additionally, the following multistep acid-base reactions affect the course of rust formation:
Fe2+ + 2 H2O ? Fe(OH)2 + 2 H+
Fe3+ + 3 H2O ? Fe(OH)3 + 3 H+
as do the following dehydration equilibria:
Fe(OH)2 ? FeO + H2O
Fe(OH)3 ? FeO(OH) + H2O
2 FeO(OH) ? Fe2O3 + H2O
From the above equations, it is also seen that the corrosion products are dictated by the availability of water and oxygen. With limited dissolved oxygen, iron(II)-containing materials are favoured, including FeO and black lodestone (Fe3O4). High oxygen concentrations favour ferric materials with the nominal formulae Fe(OH)3-xOx/2. The nature of rust changes with time, reflecting the slow rates of the reactions of solids.
Furthermore, these complex processes are affected by the presence of other ions, such as Ca2+, which both serve as an electrolyte, and thus accelerate rust formation, or combine with the hydroxides and oxides of iron to precipitate a variety of Ca-Fe-O-OH species.
Rust prevention
Rust is permeable to air and water, therefore the interior iron continues to corrode. Rust prevention thus requires coatings that preclude rust formation. Stainless steel forms a passivation layer of chromium(III) oxide. Similar passivation behavior occurs with magnesium, copper, titanium, zinc, aluminium.
An important approach to rust prevention entails galvanization, which typically consists of an application, on the object to be protected, of a layer of zinc by either hot-dip galvanizing or electroplating. Zinc is traditionally used because it is cheap, adheres well to steel and provides a cathodic protection to the steel surface in case of damage of the Zinc layer. In more corrosive environments (such as salt water) cadmium is preferred. Galvanization often fails at seams, holes, and joints, where the coating is pierced. In these cases the coating provides cathodic protection to metal, where it acts as a galvanic anode rusting in preference. More modern coatings add aluminium to the coating as zinc-alume, aluminium will migrate to cover scratches and thus provide protection for longer. These approaches rely on the aluminium and zinc oxides protecting the once-scratched surface rather than oxidizing as a sacrificial anode. In some cases, very aggressive environments or long
design life, both zinc and a coating are applied to provide corrosion protection.
Several other methods are available to control corrosion and prevent the formation of rust, colloquially termed rustproofing:
Cathodic protection is a technique used to inhibit corrosion on buried or immersed structures by supplying an electrical charge that suppresses the electrochemical reaction. If correctly applied, corrosion can be stopped completely. In its simplest form it is achieved by attaching a sacrificial anode thus making the iron or steel the cathode in the cell formed. The sacrificial anode must be made made from something with a more negative electrode potential than the iron or steel, commonly zinc, aluminium or magnesium.
Bluing is a technique that can provide limited resistance to rusting for small steel items, such as firearms; for it to be successful, water-displacing oil is rubbed onto the blued steel.
Rust formation can be controlled with coatings, such as paint, that isolate the iron from the environment. Large structures with enclosed box sections, such as ships and modern automobiles, often have a wax-based product (technically a "slushing oil") injected into these sections. Such treatments also contain rust inhibitors. Covering steel with concrete provides protection to steel by the high pH environment at the steel-concrete interface.
Another method to avoid rust is to control the environment. Controlling the humidity, if possible, below a certain thereshold can reduce or stop the corrosion process.
Rusting can be controlled also by proper design, avoiding for example areas...
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A Talgo wheelset
Talgo is a Spanish manufacturer of railway vehicles. It is best known for a design of articulated railway passenger cars in which the wheels are mounted in pairs, but not joined by an axle, and being between rather than underneath the individual coaches. Another feature of the design is the suspension, which allows the vehicle to passively tilt into curves, aiding passenger comfort.
Contents
1 Corporate history
2 Technology
3 Trains
3.1 Talgo I
3.2 Talgo II
3.3 Talgo III
3.4 Talgo Pendular
3.5 Talgo VII
3.6 Talgo 250
3.7 Talgo 350
3.8 Talgo XXI
4 Variable Gauge Axles (VGA)
5 See also
6 References
7 External links
//
Corporate history
TALGO is the Spanish acronym for "Tren Articulado Ligero Goicoechea Oriol" (Goicoechea-Oriol light articulated train), Alejandro Goicoechea and Jos Luis Oriol being the founders of the company.
Talgo Patents S.A. was originally incorporated in 1942.
In March 2007 Talgo sold its Finnish rolling stock manufacturing subsidiary Talgo Oy to its local management and other Finnish investors. The company, which Talgo had owned for only seven years, reverted to its previous name of Transtech Oy. The company spends 10 to 12 percent of revenues on research and development, but the main revenue source is the Spanish state railway operator RENFE.
Technology
Talgo trains are best known for their unconventional articulated railway passenger cars design in which the wheels are mounted in pairs, but not joined by an axle, and being between rather than underneath the individual coaches. Talgo trains fitted with variable gauge axles can change rail gauge - for instance at the Spanish (1668 millimeters)/French (1435 millimeters) border.
Since the introduction of the Talgo Pendular in 1980, the train tilts naturally inwards on curves, making it more comfortable for the passengers. This system also allows the train to run faster on some lines, especially on curves and existing track.
Trains
Tail end of a Talgo III train
Talgo trains are divided into a number of generations. They come in both locomotive hauled and self propelled versions.
Talgo I
The Talgo I coaches were built in 1942. Built as a prototype it broke numerous speed records.
Talgo II
Talgo II coaches and locomotives were first built in 1950 at the American Car and Foundry Company works in the United States under the direction of Spanish engineers. It then entered service in Rock Island Line, servicing the Jet Rocket train, between Chicago and Peoria. One was also trailed on the New York Central Railroad until 1958 but saw little success. Talgos were also built for the New York, New Haven and Hartford Railroad for their "John Quincy Adams" train (New York, New York to Boston, Massachusetts), and the Boston and Maine Railroad for their "Speed Merchant" train (Boston, Massachusetts to Portland, Maine).
In Spain Talgo II trains entered revenue service soon after, with total success, and were not retired until 1972.
Locomotive leading a Talgo III train
Talgo III
Talgo III coaches and locomotives entered service in 1964, introducing longer cars and easy directional reversibility of the cars. The Talgo III RD variant was equipped with variable gauge axles, and ran the first though train from Madrid to Paris as well as Barcelona to Geneva in 1968, despite the difference in rail gauge.
Talgo Pendular at Prague's main station
Talgo Pendular
The Talgo Pendular (Talgo IV and Talgo V, also VI & Talgo 200 or 6th generation), introduced in 1980, created the 'natural tilting' train - a tilting train that does not need electronic sensors or hydraulic equipment to move the carriages.
In 1988 they were used on trials for Amtrak on Boston-New York corridor in the United States and on Deutsche Bahn lines in Germany. Trial commercial services with Talgo cars in the United States commenced in 1994 between Seattle and Portland, and from 1998 different trains have been used on the Amtrak Cascades services from Vancouver, British Columbia south to Seattle, Washington, continuing south via Portland, Oregon to Eugene, Oregon.
Talgo 200 series trains are also in use in Kazakhstan for the overnight train Almaty - Astana.
Talgo VII train on a Spanish Altaria service from Madrid - Barcelona passing Viladecans (Barcelona)
Talgo VII
The Talgo VII introduced from 2000 is used as locomotive hauled train set as well as intermediate cars for the multiple units Talgo 250, Talgo 350 and Talgo XXI. Many things are similar to the Talgo Pendular cars, but there have been introduced an air controled hydraulic brake system and power supply from head end power instead of diesel Engine-generators in the end cars. The Talgo VII train have the car with two pairs of wheels in the middle of the train and not any more on one end as older Talgo trains.
Talgo 250
The Talgo 250 is a dual voltage electric train (AC-DC) equipped with variable gauge axles. Due to this, they are used for the services using high speed lines as well as conventional broad gauge lines. A Talgo 250 train consist of two power cars and 11 Talgo VII intermediate coaches. Developed for RENFE (classed as S-130)
Latest model Talgo 350 train as used for AVE high-speed services between Madrid - Barcelona
Talgo 350
The Talgo 350 AVE Class 102 marked the company's entry into the high-speed train manufacturing market. Tests with the prototype commenced in 1994, and Talgo 350 trains have been operating at a top commercial speed of 330 km/h on the Madrid-Barcelona and Madrid-Valladolid line since December 22, 2007. This series of trains are designed to reach a speed of 350km/h (220mph), although present lines and commercial services limit the speed at 330km/h (210mph). The train consists of two power cars and Talgo VII intermediate cars with improved brakes and additional primary suspension.
RENFE class 355 / Talgo XXI / Talgo BT
Talgo XXI
Talgo XXI is a project for a high speed diesel-powered train, that operates in push-pull with one or two power cars and Talgo VII intermediate cars. The North American version states four axle power cars in compliance with United States FRA regulations. Only one train in compliance with European UIC standards has yet been built. It has travelled at 256 km/h on the Olmedo - Medina del Campo high speed experimental line on 9 July 2002, which has led to a claim for the world speed record for a diesel train. The train was after the test runs sold to the Spanish infrastructure authority ADIF as measuring train for high speed lines.
Variable Gauge Axles (VGA)
Talgo has been developing a range of Variable Gauge Axles rolling stock. By 2006, VGA locomotives were starting to become available.
See also
es:Alejandro Goicoechea
Amtrak Cascades
Articulated car
EMD LWT12
FM P-12-42
Talgo XXI
Tilting train
UAC TurboTrain
Wheelset (railroad)
References
^ a b c d Mauro F. Guill (2001). "The Limits of Convergence". Princeton University Press. http://books.google.com.au/books?id=GO6c-1WVxhcC&pg=PA104&lpg=PA104&dq=Talgo+III+RD&source=web&ots=FSbzqwppak&sig=JJNqb3zrd6DH0LWAe0wgkGNqW4M&hl=en#PPA104,M1. Retrieved on 2008-05-07.
^ a b Mauro F. Guill (2005). "The Rise of Spanish Multinationals". Cambridge University Press. http://books.google.com.au/books?id=hOsiGt_VoAMC&pg=PA60&lpg=PA60&dq=Talgo+III+RD&source=web&ots=nvHjAuroJt&sig=BiLs-U9E8928ZrdGGLM0y-yySPo&hl=en. Retrieved on 2008-05-07.
^ a b c d "Historia de Talgo". www.talgo.com....
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Wobbies World
Location
469 Springvale Road Nunawading, Victoria, Australia
Opened
Circa 1970
Closed
Late 1990s
Operating season
All year round
Rides
total
The fire truck ride
The helicopter monorail and the Vickers Viscount propellar plane
Wobbies World was an amusement park which operated from about 1970 to the late 1990s in the Melbourne suburb of Nunawading, Australia.
The park was quite small in area and targeted mainly to the simple expectations of young children. The park consisted of many custom-built attractions, most very slow moving.
The park had some characteristic modes of transport including a helicopter "Whirliebird" monorail circuit, mower motor driven 6 wheeler ATVs, a real Bell helicopter refurbished as a ground-mounted simulator, a "Splashdown" mini log ride, a mini-golf course, trampolines, a ball pit, several food and drink kiosks, a miniature train circuit, a miniature car circuit, 4 Melbourne W2 class trams and a large Vickers Viscount propeller plane fitted out as a movie-projector simulator. The plane now resides at the Australian National Aviation Museum, in Moorabbin, while the Bell Helicopter is dismantled and currently sitting in a paddock on Dandenong - Frankston Road 3803?57?S 14512?02?E? / ?38.06576 145.200458? / -38.06576; 145.200458.
Despite memorable television advertisements over the decades, the park slowly deteriorated in the mid to late 1990s and later closed down by the end of the decade. Its demise has been linked to the high entrance fee for the time ($36 for a family of four as of 1994) and separate fees to use some of the attractions.
A plant nursery now resides on the Springvale Road site as well as the Saxon Wood town house estate, with the entrance gate (without road), concrete castle, bridges, a train station, the Birthday Room and the miniature golf course still remaining (within the nursery) from the former amusement park.
See also
List of abandoned amusement parks
External links
In Memory of Wobbies World Blog entry of visit to defunct park
Wobbies World is at coordinates 3750?45?S 14510?27?E? / ?37.845824 145.174176? / -37.845824; 145.174176Coordinates: 3750?45?S 14510?27?E? / ?37.845824 145.174176? / -37.845824; 145.174176
v?d?eTheme parks and Amusement Parks in Australia
Currently operating
Adrenalin Park Adventura Water Park Resort Adventure Park Adventure World Aussie World Corin Forest Downunderland Dreamworld Fairy Park Fox Studios Australia Funfields Greenhills Adventure Park Gumbuya Park Jamberoo Action Park King Carnival Luna Park, Melbourne Luna Park Sydney Magic Mountain Manly Waterworks Paronella Park Scenic World Sea World The Beachouse Toboggan Hill Park Ton O Fun Warner Bros. Movie World Wet'n'Wild Water World WhiteWater World
Defunct
African Lion Safari Bullen's Animal World Cremorne Gardens Dreamland El Caballo Blanco Fantasy Glades Hi-Lite Park Leisureland Fair Leyland Brothers World Magic Kingdom, Sydney Magic Mountain, Glenelg Manly Fun Pier Mt Druitt Waterworks Old Sydney Town O'Neill's Adventureland SegaWorld Sydney Tomteland Wobbies World Wonderland Sydney World Expo Park
Categories: 1970s establishments | 1990s disestablishments | Defunct amusement parks in Australia | Australian building and structure stubs | Amusement park stubs
Hidden categories: Articles lacking sources from September 2007 | All articles lacking sources
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== Contacts between the Roman Empire and German Tribes .
The contact between German tribes and Romans can be divided into four aspects; the military aspect, the trade aspect, the gift aspect and the plunder aspect. All these aspects give probable answers as to how and why Roman objects got into German hands, and why a vast amount of roman objects still can be found as far north as Norway.
Contents
1 The Military Aspect
2 The Trade Aspect
3 The Gift Aspect
4 The Plunder Aspect
5 References
//
The Military Aspect
We know that members of different German tribes and communities served in the Roman legions, and fought with the Romans. It's probable that for instance German Chieftains who fought with the Romans, tried to adapt to, and adopt, Roman culture, and that they tried to identify with the Roman nobility. In exchange for military service, the Germans got Roman objects, although not Roman weapons, as there were Roman laws against exporting arms to the German tribes. German tribes who fought against the Romans got war spoils, and they used captured Roman swords.
The Romans probably influenced German military tactics and organisation as well. As can be told from the huge Illerup ?dal excavation in Denmark, in which huge amounts of Roman and Roman inspired arms and equipment were found. A lot of these were probably produced in Scandinavia, and a lot had Scandinavian "factory seals", after a Roman model. This not only tells us that the Germans did indeed use Roman arms, but it also tells us that they had the required knowledge and social organisation to support large armies, and produce standarised arms and equipment (Ilkj?r 2000: 67,74,78,88,90,92; J?rgensen 2001: 9).
Finds of Roman inspired helmets, of the type Spangenhelm in German chieftain graves, also tell us that the Germans were in awe of Roman culture (generally speaking). We know that the Romans used these kinda helmets, amongst other sources from the Column of Trajan in Rome, on which Roman legionaries are depicted, wearing helmets (Granscay 1949: 272). Stephen V. granscay writes:
We do know that the spangenhelm shows barbarian contact with another civilization [. We also know that it was an important object of personal adornment as well as protective value [. The man who wore such a headpiece was no longer a skin-clad barbarian(Grancsay 1949: 277).
Grancsay's text may be outdated, but it's still interesting, because Grancsay points directly at concrete examples of how Roman culture helped shape German identity, by ways of objects. He also suggests that these Roman objects embody the factors that made the basis of the German warrior aristocracy that developed alongside and following the Roman Empire, perhaps the most prominent was the Himling?je Dynasty For instance in the ways which the Romans may have supported German Tribes due to military regards, and equipped these tribes. And we may, as I've already have suggested, been Germans of a high class who participated in fights with or against the Romans, and thus accquiring Roman objects and Roman ways of thinking in military terms (strategies, organisation, etc...).
It's has been suggested that the Romans supported and equipped German tribes in the part of Germania which is todays Denmark. We can't be certain as there no written sources on this, but the archaeological sources do tell us, as already mentioned, that huge amounts og Roman equipment and arms did indeed find its way as far north as Scandinavia. Danish archaeologists Lars J?rgensen, Birger Storgaard and Ulla Lund Hansen have suggested Germano-Roman alliances, in which Romans supported a German power in todays Denmark. According to J?rgensen, this was either to destabilize Scandinavia, or to create a Roman friendly power which could help ensure peace and stability in the border areas(J?rgensen 2001: 13).
Ulla Lund Hansen and Birger Storgaard have suggested that Roman interests in Scandinavia were strong, and that there was direct contact. There are no ways we can actually prove this, but Storgaard has pointed to a text written in accordance with an expedition lead by Tiberius in year 5 A.D., in which Tiberius describes what has been interpreted by Storgaard to be Jutland, in Denmark (Storgaard 2003: 106). The only problem is that the text doesn't actually say that it is Jutland, and the original text is long gone, we only know a medieval copy (and this is the general rule with ancient texts), to complicate things further.
J?rgensen points to the Gudme-Lundeborg complex in Denmark. Archaeologists have found Roman coins and scrapmetal at Lundeborg, a trading place in relation to this complex (Thrane 1991: 70). Hansen, J?rgensen and Storgaard interprets from these archaeological finds, that Lundeborg may have functioned as a Roman port (Hansen 2001: 114; J?rgensen 2001: 13). And this takes us to the trade aspect.
The Trade Aspect
The Roman Empire depended on trade in different ways, for instance the import of grain. This was especially the case in the early periods of the Roman Empire. Lynn F. Pitts write: At all periods Rome needed to have some kind of relationship, friendly or otherwise, with her neighbours(Pitts 1989:45, 46). It's thus very likely that a lot of the Roman objects found in for instance Scandinavia have arrived via trade and trade networks.
This trade may have been carried out via already excisting trade networks, from the Mediterranean, via German Chieftains to Scandinavia. These trade networks may have been established prior to the Roman Empire, and suggest a complex and advanced social structure and organisation among the German tribes and societies. Scandinavian amber has been found at Mycene, in Greece (Dobson 1936: 73). This brings the term "tribe" into question, many archaeologists have abandoned this term because it provides a faulty image of the Germans, it provides an image of the Germans as primitive people.
The Gift Aspect
The 3rd aspect is the gift aspect. A lot of artefacts may have found its way to the Germans in ways of gift exchange. For instance by diplomacy. Gifts were given to enhance and strengthen alliances, bonds and the likes (J?rgensen 2001: 13). Archaeologist Lynn F. Pitts writes about the Roman relationship to the Marcomans and the Quadies (two German tribes) that:
Rome was perhaps concerned to cultivate these German tribes in order to counterbalance [ their neighbours. Diplomacy rather than military strength kept the peace along [ the frontier (Pitts 1989: 46).
This is an important point. The Roman empire became increasingly vulnerable as they expanded, thus stretching their military capacity. Pitts go on to write that the Marcomans were a very strong military power, with a standing army of 7000 infanterists and 4000 cavalerists (Pitts 1989:46). It's obvious that the Romans wanted to maintain peaceful relations with certain German tribes. Especially towards the end of the Roman Empire, when it became ever increasingly weak. Pitts points out that it is apparant that, apart from short periods of hostilities, relations between Rome and the Marcomanni and Quadi were friendly (Pitts 1989: 46).
It became more and more common, as the Roman Empire neared its end, that the Romans paid tribute to German armies who threatened to invade Rome. This takes us to the plunder aspect.
The Plunder Aspect
As the Western Roman Empire collapsed, plunder became more and more common. The Germans pierced further and further into the Roman Empire and the Roman mainland, plunders were made. Thus a lot of Roman objects got spread all over Germania. Probably via the already existing trade networks, all the way to Scandinavia (Randsborg 1988: 13). This also happened to war spoils, and might help to explain the high number of Roman arms in German hands, despite the Roman arms...
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(Redirected from Bloomingdales)
Bloomingdale's
Type
Division
Founded
1860
Headquarters
New York, New York, USA
Industry
Retail
Products
Clothing, footwear, bedding, furniture, jewelry, beauty products, and housewares.
Owner(s)
Macy's, Inc.
Website
www.bloomingdales.com
Bloomingdale's (or Bloomie's) is a chain of upscale American department stores owned by Macy's, Inc., which is also the parent company of Macy's. Bloomingdale's has 36 stores nationwide, with annual sales of $1.9 billion. It is at a slightly higher price level than the former Parisian, similar price-point to Lord & Taylor and slightly below that of Saks Fifth Avenue, Neiman Marcus, Bergdorf Goodman, Nordstrom, and Barneys New York.
Contents
1 History
2 Controversies
3 Photo gallery
4 References
5 External links
//
History
Bloomingdale's started in 1861 when brothers Joseph and Lyman G. Bloomingdale started selling hoop-skirts in their Ladies Notions' Shop on Manhattan's Lower East Side while their father peddled the highly fashionable hoop-skirts along the Eastern Seaboard. The pair were sons of Benjamin Bloomingdale, a Bavarian-born salesman who had lived in North Carolina and Kansas, and settled in New York City.
As the popularity of the hoop-skirt was declining, the brothers opened their East Side Bazaar in 1872 in a small, ordinary row house on Third Avenue and 56th Street, selling a variety of garments such as ladies' skirts, corsets, "gent's furnishings", and European fashions. Their location and merchandise was a bold statement for their time. At the time the East Side was a working-class neighborhood with shantytowns, garbage dumps, and stockyards. Most of their customers and competitors were in the Upper West Side, and at that time most respectable stores only specialized in one trade.
The brothers must have been aware that the neighborhood was changing. Within a few years after opening the store, the Metropolitan Museum of Art opened, the new St. Patrick's Cathedral was dedicated near the store after moving from its downtown location, Central Park would be completed, and the New York subway system would begin construction. These additions brought wealthy customers to the East Side and built their brownstones that surrounded the new park.
As the store and its success grew, it moved in 1886 to its current location on 59th Street and Lexington Avenue. The store was designed with large plate glass display windows and spacious merchandising areas. The two innovated a Bloomingdale's trademark with the presentation of merchandise. Instead of the common practice that cluttered the display windows with an assortment of the goods they sold, each window was decorated with a couple of products as props on a theatrical mise-en-scene. Many of these products were European imports, which added to the store's elegance.
By the turn of the century, Bloomingdale's growth skyrocketed, facilitated by its convenient location at a hub of New York City's horse-drawn trolley system. Offerings at the time ranged from ladies' stockings at 10? a pair to $10 men's wool suits and $149 upright pianos. In 1902, the advertising slogan "All Cars Transfer to Bloomingdale's" capitalized on the store's location, and the company commissioned artist Robert F. Oucault to create a series of paintings around the theme. The slogan appeared on billboards and on 5,000 free beach umbrellas offered to street vendors and delivery cart drivers.
Around 1905, hard times hit as the popular upper class shopping area moved downtown along Sixth Avenue between 14th and 23rd Streets. In 1913, the 58th Street Station of the Lexington Avenue subway was constructed in Bloomingdale's basement, further reinforcing the "All Cars Transfer to Bloomingdale's" slogan, and business recovered. By the 1920s, the store covered the entire city block.
In 1930, Bloomingdale's joined Federated Department Stores, now Macy's, Inc. In 1931, the Bloomingdale's building, which had grown by spurts and starts to engulf the entire block, was completely redesigned as a coherent store by architects Starrett & van Vleck in the Art Deco style. The store weathered the Great Depression and World War II. In 1949, Bloomingdale's inaugurated its first branch store in the Fresh Meadows section of Queens. Over 25,000 people came through the store on opening day.
In 1961, the company started marketing itself with designer shopping bags to promote its "Esprit de France" exhibit. The design, by artist Jonah Kinigstein, was a reproduction of French tarot cards in dramatic shades of red, black, and white. The iconic "Brown Bag" debuted a decade later in 1973. The bags were designed by Michael Vollbracht, the current designer for Bill Blass Couture, and prominently labeled in three sizes: "Little", "Medium", and "Big".
In 1969 Bloomingdale's was outgrowing its flagship store and management focused on managing space in the flagship and expanding through suburban branch stores. Two branch stores opened in Garden City, New York on Long Island, and Jenkintown, Pennsylvania. Bloomingdale's launched home furnishing stores on the East Coast with products from the flagship's home furnishings department.
According to a survey taken around 1972, over 60 percent of its customers lived and worked in the luxury high-rise apartment and office towers nearby. Bloomingdale's catered to the neighborhood's young and affluent professional class by capitalizing on the popular trends of the day from pet rocks to glacial ice cubes. Also around this time, the careers of fashion designers such as Ralph Lauren, Perry Ellis, and Norma Kamali were launched, and opened in-store boutiques for other well-known designers.
Bloomingdale's capitalized on its relationship with the young and trendy by stamping the name "Bloomie's" on ladies' panties as part of its launch for intimate apparel in 1973. The rising popularity launched Bloomingdale's into a major tourist destination, and articles stamped with "Bloomie's" became hot souvenirs. During Queen Elizabeth II's visit to New York City in 1976, traffic was reversed on Lexington Avenue so the Queen could exit her vehicle on its right side and enter the famous Manhattan flagship through the main entrance. Her visit cemented the popularity of the store.
Sales continued to grow and branch stores continued to open outside of New York City in the late 1970s. The Bloomingdale's By Mail catalog launched in 1978 which expanded the store's reach to high-income households across the United States where no Bloomingdale's stores existed.
The retail market boomed in the 1980s. New stores opened along the East Coast, Florida, California, and in Dallas, Texas (which did well upon opening but closed because of Chapter 11 bankruptcy).
Expansion in the 1990s included a 1992 opening of its 15th store in the Mall of America near Minneapolis, Minnesota, and establishing a presence in California in 1996 with four stores.
The chain fortified its presence in the southeastern U.S. with two Atlanta locations in 2003, converting the longtime Davison's/R.H. Macy & Co. properties in Lenox Square and Perimeter Mall. In addition, after several years of struggling to understand the merchandise needs of the California market, it has recently begun refocusing on the state with high-profile openings in 2006 and 2007 in San Francisco, San Diego, and Costa Mesa. The San Francisco and Costa Mesa units were among the most successful openings in the chain's history.
On February 14, 2008, parent company Macy's, Inc. announced plans to enter the Phoenix market by 2009. Arizona will be the thirteenth state to have a Bloomingdale's store location, with this store being the tenth in the western U.S., and 41st throughout the chain.
..
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Renault 5
Manufacturer
Renault
Production
19721996
Predecessor
Renault 4
Successor
Renault ClioRenault Twingo
Class
Supermini
Layout
First generation: MF layoutSecond generation: FF layout
The Renault 5 (also called the R5) was a supermini produced by the French automaker Renault in two generations between 1972 and 1996. It was sold in many markets, usually as the Renault 5 and in North America as Le Car, from 1976 to 1986.
Contents
1 First generation (19721984)
1.1 e Car version
1.2 Global markets
1.3 Engines
1.4 Sporting versions
2 Second generation (19851996)
3 Chronology
4 References
5 External links
//
First generation (19721984)
Renault 5 (first generation)
Manufacturer
Renault
Production
1972 - 1984 (1986 For North America)
Assembly
Billancourt, FranceValladolid, SpainMariara, VenezuelaTehran, IranNovo Mesto, Slovenia
Body style(s)
3-door hatchback5-door hatchback
Engine(s)
0.8 L I41.1 L C-Type I41.4 L C-Type I41.4 L C-Type I4 Turbo
Transmission(s)
3-speed automatic5-speed manual4-speed manual
First generation, rear view
The Renault 5 was introduced in January 1972. It was Renault's first supermini[citation needed], and its most prominent feature was its styling by Michel Boue (who died before the car's release), which included a steeply sloping rear hatchback and front dashboard. Boue had wanted the taillights to go all the way up from the bumper into the C-pillar, in the fashion of the much later Fiat Punto and Volvo 850 Estate / Wagon, but the lights remained at a more conventional level.
Underneath the skin, it borrowed heavily from the Renault 4, using a longitudinally-mounted engine driving the front wheels with torsion bar suspension. OHV engines were borrowed from the Renault 4, Renault 8 and Renault 16, and ranged from 850 to 1400cc.
Early R5s used a dashboard-mounted gearshift (the gearbox is in front of the engine), but this was later dropped in favour of a floor mounted shifter. Door handles were formed by a cut-out in the door panel and B-pillar.
Other versions of the first generation included the Renault 5 Alpine (Gordini in the United Kingdom), Alpine/Gordini Turbo, and a four-door sedan version called the Renault 7 and built by FASA-Renault of Spain.
e Car version
The "Le Car" version sold by American Motors
The Renault "Le Car" was marketed in the United States by American Motors (AMC) where it competed against other front-wheel-drive subcompacts such the Honda Civic (which was also introduced in 1972) and the newly introduced Volkswagen Rabbit. The American introduction was delayed until 1976.
The Le Car name was ridiculed among Francophones[citation needed], as it literally means "the coach". The U.S. version featured a 1397cc I4 engine that produced 55hp (41kW), and a more conventional floor-mounted shifter was substituted for the dash-mounted unit. Sales continued through 1986. In the U.S. the car sold for about $5,000.
Global markets
The original Renault 5 continued in production in Iran by SAIPA and Pars Khodro, as the Sepand. In 2002, the Sepand was replaced by the P.K, a car that adopted a styling reminiscent of the second generation, but still using the slightly-modified original bodywork. The P.K has been replaced by the New P.K which is a little changed in body style.
The Renault 5 was one of the first French-made cars to achieve sales success on the British market. Between 1972 and 1984, 216,199 examples of the Renault 5 were sold[citation needed].
Engines
0.8 L (845cc/51.6cuin) 8-valve I4; 36bhp (26 kW); top speed: 120km/h (75mph)
1.0 L (956cc/58.3cuin) 8-valve I4; 42bhp (30 kW); top speed: 130km/h (81mph)
1.1 L (1,108cc/67.6cuin) 8-valve I4; 45bhp (33 kW); top speed: 135km/h (84mph)
1.3 L (1,289cc/78.7cuin) 8-valve I4; 55bhp (40 kW); top speed: 140km/h (87mph) (automatic)
1.3 L (1,289cc/78.7cuin) 8-valve I4; 64bhp (46 kW); top speed: 151km/h (94mph)
1.4 L (1,397cc/85.3cuin) 8-valve I4; 63bhp (46 kW); top speed: 142km/h (88mph) (automatic)
1.4 L (1,397cc/85.3cuin) turbo 8-valve I4; 110bhp (81 kW); top speed: 185km/h (115mph); 0-100 km/h (62mph): 9.1 s
1.4 L (1,397cc/85.3cuin) turbo 8-valve I4; 160bhp (118 kW); top speed: 201km/h (125mph); 0-100 km/h (62mph): 6.9 s
1.7 L (1,721cc/105.0cuin) 8-valve I4; 93bhp (67 kW); top speed: 175km/h (109mph); 0-100 km/h (62mph): 8.9 s
Sporting versions
Renault 5 Turbo
The Renault 5 in its 1.4 litre Alpine version was raced in Group 2, its most notable result was a second and first in the 1977 Monte-Carlo rally despite a serious handicap in power against other works cars.
For 1978, a rally Group 4 (later Group B) version was introduced. It was named as the Renault 5 Turbo, but being mid-engined and rear wheel drive, this car bore little technical resemblance to the road-going version. Though retaining the shape and general look of the 5, only the door panels were shared with the standard version. Driven by Jean Ragnotti, this car won the Monte Carlo Rally for its first race in World Rally Championship. The 2WD R5 turbo soon had to face the competition of new 4WD cars that proved to be faster on dirt, however it remained among the fastest of its era on tarmac.
Renault 5 Turbo - The Renault 5 was radically modified by mounting a turbocharged engine behind the driver in what is normally the passenger compartment, creating a mid-engined rally car.
The Renault 5 Turbo was made in many guises, eventually culminating with the Renault 5 Maxi Turbo. This car had up to 400bhp (298kW; 406PS), all produced from a slightly enlarged and highly modified version of the original 1397cc Renault 5 engine.
Renault 5 Alpine (Renault 5 Gordini in the UK)
Renault 5 Alpine Turbo (Renault 5 Gordini Turbo in the UK)
Many confuse the different versions of the Renault 5 Turbo, often grouping them all under the common moniker "Renault 5 Turbo". The "Renault 5 Gordini Turbo", referenced above, is the front-engined predecessor to the "Renault 5 GT Turbo". The "Renault 5 Turbo", "Renault 5 Turbo 2" and variants are the mid-engined versions with the wide wheel-arches (which are so often copied with poor-quality bodykits on second-generation Renault 5s).
Second generation (19851996)
Renault 5 (second generation) "Supercinq"
Manufacturer
Renault
Production
19851996
Assembly
Billancourt, FranceValladolid, SpainMariara, VenezuelaNovo Mesto, Slovenia
Body style(s)
3-door hatchback5-door hatchback
Engine(s)
1.0 L C-Type I41.1 L C-Type I41.4 L C-Type I41.4 L C-Type I4 Turbo1.7 L F-Type I41.6 L F-Type diesel I4
Transmission(s)
3-speed automatic4-speed manual5-speed manual
The second generation Renault 5, often referred to as the Supercinq or Superfive, appeared in 1985. Although the bodyshell was completely new (the platform was based on that of the Renault 9/11), the classic 5 styling touches were left unchanged; styling was the work of Marcello Gandini. The biggest change was the adoption of a transversely-mounted powertrain taken directly from the 9 and 11, plus a less sophisticated suspension design, which used MacPherson struts.
The second-generation R5 also spawned a panel van version, known as the Renault Extra (In UK/Ireland), Renault Express (France, Spain, Portugal, Italy) or as the Renault Rapid (Mainly in German speaking countries like Germany and Austria). This car was intended to replace the R4 F6 panel van, production of which had ceased in 1986.
A "hot hatch" version, the GT Turbo, was a car beloved of boy racers through the 1980s and...
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Friedr. DICK has been a German manufacturing company since 1778. It manufactures tools and machines for butchers, tool sharpeners, kitchen knives and craftsmen's tools and files.
Contents
1 History
2 Addresses
3 Brand Names
4 External links
//
History
Johann Friedrich Dick founded the company in 1778 to manufacture files. It continued in the manufacture of files as its main product line until 1873, when Paul Friedrich Dick took over the company and began the production of sharpening steels.
One hundred years after the founding of the company, a factory in Esslingen began construction and 20 employees were hired to run the company's first file production machine. In 1889, Friedr. Dick built a new factory in Kollwitz/Fleischmannstrasse in Esslingen, employing 100 people and expanding the product line to include butcher knives, cleavers and other specialized tools. Files manufactured ranged from the smallest watchmaker's file to the largest (over 45cm in length) square file.
Today, Friedr. Dick employs over 240 people, producing several different lines of butcher knives, tools, sharpeners, grinders, kitchen knives and accessories.
Addresses
Friedr. DICK GmbH & Co. KGRG Esslingen, HRA 2272
DICK Verwaltungsgesellschaft mbH, DeizisauRG Esslingen HRB 4332CEO: Wilhelm LeuzeDipl. Ing. Horst L?hnert
Friedr. DICK Corp. New YorkGeneral Manager: Wilhelm Leuze, Germany
Brand Names
DICKORON
Sharpening steels utilizing sapphire surfaces for both honing and sharpening.
Ergogrip
Butcher knives
Master Grip
Butcher knives
Rapid Steel
Non-traditional sharpening/honing steel
Multicut
Specialty steel for butchers
DICK 2000
Specialty steel for butchers
Premier
Professional grade, forged kitchen knives
Superior
Professional grade, wood handled, stamped kitchen knives
Pro-Dynamic
Professional grade, lightweight polymer handled, stamped kitchen knives
Eurocut
Economical, stamped kitchen knives
Von den Steinen
Circular machine knives, saws
External links
Friedr. Dick website
v?d?eKnives and daggers
Types of knives
Aircrew Survival Egress Knife Athame Balisong Ballistic Barlow Boline Bolo Boning Boot knife Bowie Bread knife Cane knife Chef's knife Cleaver Combat knife Corvo Dagger Deba bocho Electric Fairbairn-Sykes Fighting Knife Gerber Mark II Ginsu Grapefruit knife Gravity knife Hunting knife Jacob's ladder Kirpan Kitchen knife Kukri Laguiole knife Lajinaa Machete Misericorde Mora knife Multi-tool Nakiri bocho Navaja Opinel knife Palette knife Pantographic knife Penknife Penny knife Phurba Pocket knife Putty knife Puukko Rampuri Rondel dagger Sabatier Santoku Scalpel Seax Sgian dubh Sharpfinger Sheath knife Shiv Sliding knife SOG Knife Straight razor Survival knife Swiss Army knife Switchblade Taping knife Throwing knife Tomato knife Trench knife Ulu Utility knife X-Acto
Types of daggers
Bagh nakh Baselard Bich'hwa Bollock dagger Cinquedea Dirk Ear dagger Fac Hachiwara Hunting dagger Jambiya Kaiken Kalis Kard Katar Khanjar Kris Parrying dagger Pata Poignard Push dagger Seme Shobo Stiletto Tant? Thracian dagger U.S. Marine Raider Stiletto V-42 Stiletto Yoroi t?shi
Knife manufacturers
Benchmade Brusletto Buck Knives Calphalon Camillus Cutlery Company Cattaraugus Cutlery Company Chris Reeve Knives Cold Steel Cuisinart Cutco DOVO Solingen Dexter-Russell Ek Commando Knife Co. F. Dick F?llkniven Fitechnics Gerber Legendary Blades Global Glock Hanwei Imperial Schrade J. A. Henckels Kershaw Knives KitchenAid Korin Japanese Trading Company Kyocera Leatherman Microtech Knives Morseth Murphy knives Ontario Knife Company Rada Manufacturing Randall Made Knives R?sle SOG Specialty Knives Sabatier A?n & Perrier Spyderco Strider Knives Thiers Issard Victorinox W. R. Case & Sons Cutlery Co. Walther arms Wenger Western Knife Company Windlass Steelcrafts Wthof
Knifemakers
Bob Loveless Chris Reeve Ernest Emerson Ken Onion Murray Carter Phill Hartsfield William Harsey, Jr. Daniel Winkler
Categories: Knife manufacturing companies | Kitchen knife brands
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For other uses, see The Parent Trap.
The Parent Trap
Theatrical release poster
Directed by
David Swift
Produced by
George Golitzen
Written by
Erich K?stner (book)David Swift (screenplay)
Starring
Hayley MillsMaureen O'HaraBrian Keith
Distributed by
Buena Vista Distribution
Release date(s)
21 June 1961
Running time
129 min.
Country
United States
Language
English
Followed by
The Parent Trap (1998 film)
The Parent Trap (1961) is a Walt Disney Productions feature film starring Hayley Mills, Maureen O'Hara and Brian Keith in a story about teenage twins and their divorced parents. The screenplay by the film's director David Swift was based upon the book Lottie and Lisa (Das Doppelte Lottchen) by Erich K?stner. The Parent Trap was nominated for two Academy Awards, was broadcast on television, saw three television sequels, was remade in 1998 with Lindsay Lohan, and has been released to VHS and DVD. The original film was Mills' second of six films for Disney.
Contents
1 Plot and cast
2 Production notes
3 Musical numbers
4 Awards and nominations
5 Subsequent developments
6 External links
//
Plot and cast
The Parent Trap follows identical twins Sharon and Susan (Hayley Mills) as they attempt to reunite their divorced parents Maggie and Mitch (Maureen O'Hara and Brian Keith). The two 13-year-old girls meet for the first time at summer camp and switch identities in order to visit the parent they have never seen. While Susan is in Boston masquerading as Sharon, Sharon is in California masquerading as Susan.
Sharon calls Susan in Boston with the news that their father is planning to marry a gold-digger and their mother needs to be rushed to California to prevent the union. In Boston, Susan tells her mother the truth about the switched identities and the two fly to California.
With both parents and both twins in California, the twins set about (with some slight approval from their mother) sabotaging their father's marriage plans. Mitch's money-hungry girlfriend Vicki Robinson (Joanna Barnes) receives some rude, mischievous treatment from the girls and some veiled cattiness from Maggie. When Vicki is away for an evening, the girls stage a reprise of their parents' first date in Mitch's home with an Italian dinner and a gypsy violinist. The former spouses are gradually drawn together.
Vicki however digs her heels in regarding Mitch and marriage, but the girls effect the coup de grace on a wilderness camping trip: Vicki spends her time swatting mosquitoes after dousing herself with a sugar and water "mosquito repellent" given her by Sharon and Susan, and finds her sleep interrupted by two bear cubs licking honey off her feet. The bear cubs were drawn to her tent by a trail of honey left by the twins. Exasperated, Vicki gladly tosses in the towel. Mitch and Maggie rekindle the love they once held for each other and the two remarry in the final scene with the twins as members of the wedding party.
Cast includes Cathleen Nesbitt and Charles Ruggles as the girls' maternal grandparents, Una Merkel as Mitch's sympathetic housekeeper Verbena, Ruth McDevitt and Nancy Kulp as summer camp staff, and Leo G. Carroll as Reverend Mosby. Hayley Mills' father John appeared in the uncredited role of a golf caddy while Susan Henning was Hayley Mills' uncredited body double for several of the "twin" shots in the film.
Production notes
The screenplay originally called for only a few trick photography shots of Hayley Mills in scenes with herself; the bulk of the film was to be shot using a body double. When Walt Disney saw how seamless the processed shots were, he ordered the script reconfigured to include more of the special effect.
The film was shot mostly in California at various locales. The summer camp scenes were filmed at Camp Cedar Lake, in the Angeles National Forest 5 minutes from Big Bear Lake, California. The Monterey scenes were filmed in various California locations, including millionaire Stuyvesant Fish's 5,200 acre (21 km2) ranch in Carmel, Monterey's Pebble Beach golf course. The scenes at the Monterey house were shot at studio's Golden Oak Ranch in Placerita Canyon, where Mitch's ranch was built. It was the design of this set that proved the most popular, and to this day the Walt Disney Archives receives requests for plans of the home's interior design. Of course, there never was such a house; the set was simply various rooms built on a sound stage. Camp Inch was based on a real girls' camp called Camp Crestridge for Girls at the Ridgecrest Baptist Conference Center near Asheville, North Carolina.
Musical numbers
Richard M. and Robert B. Sherman provided the songs, which, besides the title song "The Parent Trap," includes "For Now, For Always," and "Let's Get Together". "Let's Get Together" is heard playing from a record player at the summer camp; the tune is reprised by the twins when they restage their parents' first date. The title song was performed by Tommy Sands and Annette Funicello who were both on the studio lot shooting Babes in Toyland (1961) at the time.
Awards and nominations
The film was nominated for two Academy Awards: one for Sound by Robert O. Cook, and the other for Film Editing by Philip W. Anderson.
Subsequent developments
The film was theatrically re-released in 1968. The Disney Studios produced three television sequels The Parent Trap II (1986), The Parent Trap III (1989), and The Parent Trap IV: Hawaiian Honeymoon (1989). In 1963, ABC television sitcom The Patty Duke Show debuted using similar filming techniques in a series about teenage cousins (played by Patty Duke) with identical twin appearances but with completely different personalities. The original The Parent Trap was remade in 1998 starring Lindsay Lohan.
External links
The Parent Trap (1998) at the Internet Movie Database
The Parent Trap at the Internet Movie Database
The Parent Trap (1961) Vault Disney DVD Review with Pictures
The Parent Trap I & II: 2-Movie Collection DVD Review with Pictures
v?d?eThe Parent Trap film series
The Parent Trap The Parent Trap II The Parent Trap III The Parent Trap IV: Hawaiian Honeymoon The Parent Trap (1998 film)
v?d?eFilms directed by David Swift
Pollyanna (1960) The Parent Trap (1961) The Interns (1962) Love Is a Ball (1963) Under the Yum Yum Tree (1963) Good Neighbor Sam (1964) How to Succeed in Business Without Really Trying (1967)
v?d?eThe Sherman Brothers
Richard M. Sherman Robert B. Sherman
Motion pictures(since 1961)
The Parent Trap The Absent-Minded Professor Greyfriars Bobby Bon Voyage! A Symposium on Popular Songs In Search of the Castaways Summer Magic The Sword in the Stone Big Red Those Calloways Moon Pilot The Misadventures of Merlin Jones The Moon-Spinners Mary Poppins Winnie the Pooh and the Honey Tree The Monkey's Uncle The Happiest Millionaire That Darn Cat The Jungle Book The One and Only, Genuine, Original Family Band Winnie the Pooh and the Blustery Day Chitty Chitty Bang Bang The Aristocats Goldilocks Bedknobs and Broomsticks Snoopy, Come Home Charlotte's Web Tom Sawyer Winnie the Pooh and Tigger Too! Huckleberry Finn The Slipper and the Rose The Many Adventures of Winnie the Pooh The Magic of Lassie Magic Journeys Winnie the Pooh and a Day for Eeyore Little Nemo: Adventures in Slumberland Beverly Hills Cop 3 The Mighty Kong Winnie the Pooh: Seasons of Giving The Tigger Movie
Stage musicals(since 1971)
Victory Canteen Over Here! Dawgs Busker Alley Chitty Chitty Bang Bang On the Record Mary Poppins Merry-Go-Round
Theme parkattractions(since 1963)
Walt Disney's Enchanted Tiki Room It's A Small World...
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For other uses, see Tulip (disambiguation).
Tulip
Cultivated tulip - Floriade 2005, Canberra
Scientific classification
Kingdom:
Plantae
(unranked):
Angiosperms
(unranked):
Monocots
Order:
Liliales
Family:
Liliaceae
Genus:
Tulipa
Species
See text
Tulipa, commonly called tulip, is a genus of about 150 species of bulbous flowering plants in the family Liliaceae. The native range of the species includes southern Europe, north Africa, and Asia from Anatolia and Iran in the west to northeast of China. The centre of diversity of the genus is in the Pamir and Hindu Kush mountains and the steppes of Kazakhstan. A number of species and many hybrid cultivars are grown in gardens, used as pot plants or as fresh cut flowers. Most cultivars of tulip are derived from Tulipa gesneriana.
Contents
1 Description
2 Origin of the name
3 Cultivation
3.1 Propagation
4 Diseases
4.1 Introduction to Western Europe
5 Selected species
6 See also
7 References
8 External links
//
Description
Cultivated Tulip at Floriade
The species are perennials from bulbs, the tunicate bulbs often produced on the ends of stolons and covered with glabrous to variously hairy papery coverings. The species include short low-growing plants to tall upright plants, growing from 10 to 70 centimeters (427in) tall. They can even grow in the cold and snowy winter. Plants typically have 2 to 6 leaves, with some species having up to 12 leaves. The cauline foliage is strap-shaped, waxy-coated, usually light to medium green and alternately arranged. The blades are somewhat fleshy and linear to oblong in shape. The large flowers are produced on scapes or subscapose stems normally lacking bracts. The stems have no leaves to a few leaves, with large species having some leaves and smaller species have none. Typically species have one flower per stem but a few species have up to four flowers. The colorful and attractive cup shaped flowers typically have three petals and three sepals, which are most often termed tepals because
they are nearly identical. The six petaloid tepals are often marked near the bases with darker markings. The flowers have six basifixed, distinct stamens with filaments shorter than the tepals and the stigmas are districtly 3-lobed. The ovaries are superior with three chambers. The 3 angled fruits are leathery textured capsules, ellipsoid to subglobose in shape, containing numerous flat disc-shaped seeds in two rows per locule.
Origin of the name
Although tulips are associated with Holland, both the flower and its name originated in the Persian empire. The tulip, or lale (from Persian ????, laleh) as it is also called in Turkey, is a flower indigenous to Iran, Afghanistan, Turkey and other parts of Central Asia. It is unclear who first brought the flower to northwest Europe. The most widely accepted story is that of Oghier Ghislain de Busbecq, Ambassador from Ferdinand I to Suleyman the Magnificent of the Ottoman Empire in 1554. He remarks in a letter upon seeing "an abundance of flowers everywhere; Narcissus, hyacinths, and those which in Turkish Lale, much to our astonishment, because it was almost midwinter, a season unfriendly to flowers" (see Busbecq, qtd. in Blunt, 7). In Persian Literature (classic and modern) special attention has been given to these two flowers, in specific likening the beloved eyes to Narges and a glass of wine to Laleh. The word tulip, which earlier in English appeared in such forms as tuli
pa or tulipant, entered the language by way of French tulipe and its obsolete form tulipan or by way of Modern Latin tul?pa, from Ottoman Turkish tbend, "muslin, gauze". (The English word turban, first recorded in English in the 16th century, can also be traced to Ottoman Turkish tbend.)
Cultivation
Tulip Festival in Woodburn, Oregon. 2007
Wild tulip in the steppes of Kazakhstan
Tulips originate from mountainous areas with temperate climates and need a period of cool dormancy. They do best in climates with long cool springs and early summers, but they are often grown as spring blooming annual plantings in warmer areas of the world. The bulbs are typically planted in late summer and fall, normally from 10 to 20 cm (4 to 8 in.) deep, depending of the type planted, in well draining soils. In parts of the world that do not have long cool springs and early summers, the bulbs are often planted up to 12 inches deep; this provides some protection from the heat of summer and tends to force the plants to regenerate one large bulb each year instead of many smaller non blooming ones. This can extend the usefulness of the plants in warmer areas a few years but not stave off the degradation in bulb size and eventual death of the plants.
Propagation
Tulips can be propagated through offsets, seeds or micropropagation. Offsets and Tissue Culture methods are means of asexual propagation, they are used to produce genetic clones of the parent plant which maintains cultivar integrity. Seed raised plants show greater variation, and seeds are most often used to propagate species and subspecies or are used for the creation of new hybrids. Many tulip species can cross pollinate with each other; when wild tulip populations overlap with other species or subspecies, they often hybridize and produce populations of mixed plants. Most tulip cultivars are complex hybrids and sterile; those plants that produce seeds produce offspring very dissimilar to the parents.
In horticulture, tulips are divided up into fifteen groups mostly based on flower morphology and plant size.
Single early group - with cup-shaped single flowers, no larger than 8cm across (3 inches). They bloom early to mid season. Growing 15 to 45cm tall.
Double early group - with fully double flowers, bowl shaped to 8cm across. Plants typically grow from 30-40cm tall.
Triumph group - single, cup shaped flowers up to 6cm wide. Plants grow 35-60cm tall and bloom mid to late season.
Darwin hybrid group - single flowers are ovoid in shape and up to 8cm wide. Plants grow 50-70cm tall and bloom mid to late season. This group should not be confused with older Darwin tulips - which belong in the Single Late Group below.
Single late group - cup or goblet-shaded flowers up to 8cm wide, some plants produce multi-flowering stems. Plants grow 45-75cm tall and bloom late season.
Tulip growers using offsets to produce salable plants need a year or more of growth before plants are large enough to flower; tulips grown from seeds often need five to eight years of growth before plants are flowering size. Commercial growers harvest the bulbs in late summer and grade them into sizes; bulbs large enough to flower are sorted and sold, while smaller bulbs are sorted into sizes and replanted. Holland is the main producer of commercially sold plants, producing as many as 3 billion bulbs annually.
Diseases
Variegated colours produced by selective breeding
Botrytis tulipae is a major fungal disease affecting tulips, causing cell death leading to rotten plants. Other pathogens include Anthracnose, bacterial soft rot, blight caused by Sclerotium rolfsii, bulb nematodes, other rots including blue molds, black molds and mushy rot.
Historically variegated varieties admired during the Dutch tulipomania gained their delicately feathered patterns from an infection with Tulip Breaking potyvirus, the mosaic virus that was carried by the green peach aphids, Myzus persicae. Persicae were common in European gardens of the seventeenth century. While the virus produces fantastically colorful flowers, it also caused weakened plants that died slowly. Today the virus is almost eradicated from tulip growers' fields. Those...
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Features: 1) Size: 8mm, 12mm, 16mm, 24mm, all roll in 1,000pcs/roll or bulk in 1,000pcs/box 2) Kind: light yellow or deep yellow 3) To avoid unnecessary stoppages of pick and place machines these SMD connectors provide precise attachment of top and bottom of the two tape ends 4) Joining Siemens feeder is accomplished without any tools or fixturesPacking: Standard packingmor
"Ring 0" redirects here. For the Japanese horror prequel, see Ring 0: Birthday.
Privilege rings for the x86 available in protected mode
In computer science, hierarchical protection domains, often called protection rings, are a mechanism to protect data and functionality from faults (fault tolerance) and malicious behaviour (computer security). This approach is diametrically opposite to that of capability-based security.
Computer operating systems provide different levels of access to resources. A protection ring is one of two or more hierarchical levels or layers of privilege within the architecture of a computer system. This is generally hardware-enforced by some CPU architectures that provide different CPU modes at the firmware level. Rings are arranged in a hierarchy from most privileged (most trusted, usually numbered zero) to least privileged (least trusted, usually with the highest ring number). On most operating systems, Ring 0 is the level with the most privileges and interacts most directly with the physical hardware such as the CPU and memory.
Special gates between rings are provided to allow an outer ring to access an inner ring's resources in a predefined manner, as opposed to allowing arbitrary usage. Correctly gating access between rings can improve security by preventing programs from one ring or privilege level from misusing resources intended for programs in another. For example, spyware running as a user program in Ring 3 should be prevented from turning on a web camera without informing the user, since hardware access should be a Ring 1 function reserved for device drivers. Programs such as web browsers running in higher numbered rings must request access to the network, a resource restricted to a lower numbered ring.
Contents
1 Implementations
2 Supervisor mode
3 Hypervisor mode
4 Interoperation between CPU and OS levels of abstraction
5 See also
6 Further reading
7 References
//
Implementations
Hardware supported rings were among the more revolutionary concepts introduced by the Multics operating system, a highly secure predecessor of today's UNIX family of operating systems. However, most general-purpose UNIX systems use only two rings, even if the hardware it runs on provides more CPU modes than that.
Many modern CPU architectures (including the popular Intel x86 architecture) include some form of ring protection, although the Windows NT operating system, like Unix, does not fully exploit this feature. Its predecessor, OS/2, did to some extent, as it used three rings: ring 0 for kernel code and device drivers, ring 2 for privileged code (user programs with I/O access permissions), and ring 3 for unprivileged code (nearly all user programs).
There has been a renewed interest in this design structure, with the proliferation of the Xen VMM software, ongoing discussion on monolithic- vs. micro-kernel (particularly in Usenet newsgroups and Web forums), Microsoft's Ring-1 design structure as part of their NGSCB initiative and hypervisors embedded in firmware such as Intel VT (formerly Vanderpool).
The original Multics system had eight rings, but many modern systems have fewer. The hardware is aware of the current ring of the executing instruction thread at all times, thanks to special machine registers. In some systems, areas of virtual memory are also assigned ring numbers in hardware, and/or the most privileged ring is given special capabilities (such as real memory addressing that bypasses the virtual-memory hardware).
The hardware severely restricts the ways in which control can be passed from one ring to another, and also enforces restrictions on the types of memory access that can be performed across rings. Typically there is a special gate or call instruction that transfers control in a secure way towards predefined entry points in lower-level (more trusted) rings; this functions as a supervisor call in many operating systems that use the ring architecture. The hardware restrictions are designed to limit opportunities for accidental or malicious breaches of security.
Ring protection can be combined with processor modes (master/kernel/privileged mode versus slave/user/unprivileged mode) in some systems. Operating systems running on hardware supporting both may use both forms of protection or only one.
Effective use of ring architecture requires close cooperation between hardware and the operating system. Operating systems designed to work on multiple hardware platforms may make only limited use of rings if they are not present on every supported platform. Often the security model is simplified to "kernel" and "user" even if hardware provides finer granularity through rings.
Supervisor mode
In computer terms supervisor mode (sometimes called kernel mode) is a hardware-mediated flag which can be changed by code running in...(and so on)
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Place of Origin: China 200: 1 ALOE VERA GEL SD POWDER: OFF WHITE - WHITE POWDER 10: 1 ALOE VERA GEL CONCENTRATE JUICE: OFF WHITE ROPY LIQUID Package: 20kg/fibre drum or as per your require 200:1 ALOE VERA GEL SD POWDER: OFF WHITE - WHITE POWDER 10:1 ALOE VERA GEL CONCENTRATE JUICE: OFF WHITE ROPY LIQUID Package:20kg/fibre drum or as per your require
(Redirected from Stockholm City bikes)
A Stockholm City Bike with Alvedon advertising in August 2007
Stockholm City Bikes is the name of a public-private partnership project of the City of Stockholm in Sweden and the outdoor advertising unit of Clear Channel Communications.
It is a community bicycle program that allows renting a bicycle for a maximum period of 3 hours, between 06:00 and 21:00 (last rental at 18:00).
Contents
1 Rental system
2 Hubs
3 Financing
4 Complications
5 Other similar systems
6 See also
7 References
8 External links
//
Rental system
The rental system requires a membership and a rental card. These are obtained by buying a season card (for 200 Swedish kronor SEK) or 3-day card (for 125 Swedish kronor SEK). Rental cards can be bought at "SL centres" (SL is Stockholm's public transportation company) and require registration with personal identification containing the Swedish national identification number called personnummer. For foreigners a passport is required.
Several one-day rental periods can be loaded onto a rental card, but once it has expired it cannot be reloaded again with a new rental period.
Stockholm's rental system is available between April 1st and October 31st, unlike other public bicycle programs that are available throughout the year.
Hubs
There are currently (May 2008) 67 rental hubs. Each hub contains between 9 to 24 bikes. The rental card is swiped over a reader and a computer screen displays the number of the bike that is being unlocked. The user now has 3 hours to return the bike (i.e. lock) to any of the approximately 40 hubs in the city. If the bike is not returned, the rental card is automatically and permanently blocked by the computer system. If the bike is not returned at all the user might become liable since each card is registered with personal identification number.
The project was launched in the fall of 2006. During 2007 the system is expected to have 1000 bicycles and about 80 hubs in Stockholm.
Financing
The season card entitles the buyer to receive a free bicycle helmet that is decorated with advertising. The entire system is financed by advertising sold and managed by Clear Channel Communications. Currently the only advertiser is Alvedon, a Swedish/British paracetamol-based drug.
Clear Channel Communications runs similar projects in Barcelona and Oslo with identical bikes and hub systems.
Complications
The system has been criticised for being somewhat complicated for foreigners who do not understand Swedish. Moreover, the hubs sometimes physically lock the bikes to the hubs, but do not register the fact in the computer system, resulting in blocked rental cards.
Furthermore, the rental hubs have been vandalised during night time resulting in bicycle thefts and destroyed bicycles and hubs. Management of the project has stated that if vandalism is not limited, the project might become too expensive and eventually canceled.
Other similar systems
As of 2007, similar schemes are also in effect in other European cities, including Aix-en-Provence, Rouen, Barcelona (Bicing), Brussels, Copenhagen, Lyon (Vo'v), Nantes (Bicloo), Paris (Vib), Toulouse, Pamplona (Cemusa), OYBike, Call a Bike (Berlin, Frankfurt, Cologne, Stuttgart, Munich, Karlsruhe), Copenhagen/Helsinki/Aarhus (CIOS), Oslo, Sandnes, Seville (Sevici) and Vienna.
See also
Clear Channel Communications
Stockholm Municipality
Public-private partnership
Community bicycle program
References
^ Hanson, Matilda (2007-07-01). "L?necyklar hotade". Svenska Dagbladet. http://www.svd.se/dynamiskt/stockholm24/did_16032014.asp. Retrieved on 2007-07-11.
^ Hanson, Matilda (2007-07-01). "L?necyklar hotade". Svenska Dagbladet. http://www.svd.se/dynamiskt/stockholm24/did_16032014.asp. Retrieved on 2007-07-11.
^ Hanson, Matilda (2007-07-01). "L?necyklar hotade". Svenska Dagbladet. http://www.svd.se/dynamiskt/stockholm24/did_16032014.asp. Retrieved on 2007-07-11.
External links
Stockholm City Bikes website (Swedish)
Categories: Community bicycle programs | Public transport in Sweden | Transport in Stockholm(and so on)
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Print Page Abercrombie & Fitchclassic fit 100% polyester Classic tugger style with flexible waistband Fully mesh lined Chunky drawstring Cargo pockets with water release grometts Reinforced stitching Size:S/M/L/
Umbro PLC
Type
Subsidiary of Nike
Founded
1924 in Wilmslow
Headquarters
Cheadle, Stockport, UK
Key people
Matthew Cook, CEO
Industry
Textile
Products
FootwearAccessories
Website
www.umbro.com
Umbro (LSE: UMB) was a British sportswear and equipment supplier based in Cheadle, Greater Manchester, England. The company is now part of Nike. Umbro designs, sources and markets sport-related apparel, footwear and equipment and its products are sold in over 90 countries worldwide.
Umbro are the current England, FA and FA Cup suppliers of sports apparel.
Contents
1 History
2 Products
3 Kit manufacturing
4 Umbro and United Soccer Leagues
5 References
6 External links
//
History
The company was founded in 1910, in Wilmslow, Cheshire, as Humphrey Brothers Clothing; in 1924, the company changed its name to Umbro, a contraction of its previous name, Humphrey Brothers. In 1985, in Brazil, Umbro introduced its first football boot, which went into production two years later.
Umbro also manufactured a popular style of shorts, which reached its peak in the late 1980s and early 1990s. They were made of nylon, had a drawstring waistband, and often came in bright colors. These shorts, nicknamed "Umbros", are football shorts, intended to be part of a football strip. With the growth of youth soccer leagues in the United States in the 1980s, many youths, teens, and young adults began wearing them as everyday clothing. Like football itself, they were equally popular among both genders. At the height of the fashion, other brands of football shorts, such as Adidas, Diadora, Hummel, Lotto and Mitre, also became popular. However, by the mid 1990s, Umbros began to lose their appeal among youth to other styles, such as cargo shorts.
In the 1990s, the company relocated from its central Manchester facility to brand-new, state-of-the-art headquarters in Cheadle, on the outskirts of Stockport.
The company today specialises in football kits, clothing, and other football apparel, like boots and training kits. Its major competitors in this market include Adidas, Nike, Lotto, Puma, and fellow North West England maker Reebok.
Umbro launched an advertising campaign for the Euro 2008 football finals competition which included many world famous football stars. However, because England failed to qualify for the Euro 2008 finals, the advert was not shown on TV networks throughout England, instead the advert was aired throughout Europe and then was played at many live sporting events throughout many countries, including North & South America as well as in Japan and main land Europe. The Umbro 'Bring It On' video was supported with a sound track called Friday Night's, words & music by Joe Moran, performed by his band Pistola Kicks from Sheffield, England.
On the 19th October 2007, JJB bought a 10.1% stake in Umbro in a move to protect its stake in the market for England football shirts.
On the 23rd October 2007, it was announced Umbro had agreed to be bought by Nike in a deal worth ?285m ($580m). The equivalent of 193p per share. The Umbro board recommended to its shareholders they vote in favour of the approach as it offered a very competitive price for the business. Umbro's share price at the time of the offer was close to 130p.
Dec 2007 the takeover was approved by OFT regulators, it is now believed the takeover deal will go through in Feb 2008 unless a rival offer of over 210p per share is lodged.
Feb 2008 - Nike Inc. took over Umbro.
Products
Umbro currently manufactures all types of sports wear apparel including training gear and football boots. Umbro also produce casual clothes and shoes, including a line by British designer Kim Jones. The company is also a major player in kit manufacture for some of the world's best known teams.
Umbro have recently launched their new hi-technology SX Boot. Deco has been playing in the boots which are visually striking with different colours for each foot, reflecting the left (logical, assertive) and right (intuitive, creative and passionate) sides of the brains. The boot uses Michelin tyre manufacturing-related technology which improves control by up to 90%*.[citation needed]
Umbro's products have been endorsed by many professional athletes around the world.
Kit manufacturing
Main article: Umbro sponsorships
Umbro has produced kits for many notable football teams since establishment; its first kit was produced in 1934, for Manchester City, who won the FA Cup that year. Over the years Umbro has produced kits for many other professional teams around the world, as well as referee kits for some leagues.
In addition to club teams, Umbro also produced kits for a wide variety of international teams across four continents. During the 1966 World...(and so on)
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m w/a Vu
Angel episode
Cordelia is not alone in her new apartment.
Episodeno.
Season1Episode5
Written by
Jane Espenson(teleplay & story)David Greenwalt(story)
Directed by
Scott McGinnis
Gueststars
Elisabeth R?hm(Kate)Beth Grant(Maude)
Productionno.
1ADH05
Originalairdate
November 2, 1999
Episode chronology
?Previous
Next?
"I Fall to Pieces"
"Sense & Sensitivity"
List of Angel episodes
"Rm w/a Vu" (Room with a View) is episode 5 of season 1 in the television show Angel. Written by Jane Espenson and directed by Scott McGinnis, it was originally broadcast on November 2, 1999 on the WB network. In Room with a View, Doyle dodges a demon loan shark, and Cordelia is enchanted with her beautiful rent-controlled apartment even though it turns out to be haunted. Unable to dent Cordelia's determination to live there, the team attempts an exorcism, angering the ghost of the original tenant, who suffered a fatal heart attack immediately after bricking her grown son behind a wall. See also List of Angel episodes.
Contents
1 Plot
2 Acting
2.1 Main cast
2.2 Guest stars
2.3 Co-stars
3 Production Details
3.1 Writing
3.2 Arc significance
3.3 Continuity
3.4 Cultural references
3.5 Music
3.6 Translations
4 Reception and reviews
5 References
6 External links
7 See also
//
Plot
At Angel Investigations, Cordelia reenacts her commercial audition for Doyle, aggrievedly wondering why she didn't get the role. The phone rings, and the answering machine picks up. As Cordelia's friend Aura leaves a message, Cordelia still doesn't answer the phone, explaining to Doyle that she doesn't want to talk to anybody until after her career takes off and she has a better apartment. Doyle wanders into Angel's office; Angel obligingly answers Doyle's curiosity about Cordelia, reminiscing about her high school reign of terror. Meanwhile, Cordelia arrives at her rundown apartment, where the key sticks in the front lock, the fluorescent light flickers and buzzes, brown sludge spurts from the kitchen faucet, and roaches scurry across the TV screen. She frantically calls building services, only to be assured that the exterminator sprayed for roaches that day. Upon discovering the multitude of dead roach bodies carpeting her carpet, Cordelia calls Doyle to take him up on his
offer of a place to stay. Hearing the phone ring inside, Doyle rushes to let himself into his apartment, but a menacing demonired to strong-arm Doyle into paying a debtreets him from the shadows. Doyle eludes the demon and flees his apartment. Meanwhile, Angel finds Cordelia has come to stayndefinitely.
The next morning, Doyle stops by Angel's apartment; he is upset to see Cordelia spent the night. Cordelia, unpacking her cheerleading trophies and scorched high school diploma, informs Doyle she gave his address to somebody from his "part of England." He's worried at this, and when Angel calls down that Doyle has company, he bolts out the back. However, when he reaches the building's foyer, Angel is silently waiting there, having tricked Doyle into admitting his difficulty. He proposes a dealf Doyle will help Cordelia find a new apartment, Angel will deal with Doyle's demon debt collector.
Doyle and Cordelia go apartment hunting. After many failed attempts, Cordelia is ecstatic to be shown into an airy, beautiful, affordable apartment. Telling Doyle that the unsightly wall that needs removing adds to its perfection, Cordelia immediately closes the deal. In the meantime, Angel waits at Doyle's apartment until the demon, Griff, shows up. Griff explains that his boss no longer cares about the money, but needs to make an example of Doyle by ordering him hit. Angel informs Griff that he'll be the next victim unless he convinces his boss to accept Angel's guarantee of payment and to let Doyle live. Later that night, Doyle is unhappy that he has to pay, but concedes that it is better than the alternative. Angel probes for some hint of Doyle's backstory, but desists when his friend grows uncomfortable. Meanwhile, Cordelia is already asleep at her new apartment, oblivious to the radio turning itself on and bureau drawers opening. She wakes with a start when a drawer ban
gs shut, and soon discovers why this apartment was so reasonablet's haunted. She spends the rest of the night huddled in her bed, which floats four feet in the air.
The next morning, after Cordelia's bed thumps to the floor, she attempts to go about her normal routine, until the ghostly activity starts up again in the living room. Desperate to keep her beautiful apartment, Cordelia pretends to be unaffected by the flying objects and cold wind that the ghost conjures, and even manages a few snarky exorcism gibes. Angel and Doyle stop by...(and so on)
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