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Photomorphogenesis

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Photomorphogenesis
Light has profound effects on the development of plants. The light-mediated changes in plant growth and development are called photomorphogenesis. The most striking effects of light are observed when a germinating seedling emerges from the soil and is exposed to light for the first time.
Normally the seedling radicle (root) emerges first from the seed, and the shoot appears as the root becomes established. Later, with growth of the shoot (particularly when it merges into the light) there is increased secondary root formation and branching. This coordinated progression of developmental responses are early manifestations of correlative growth phenomena where the root affects the growth of the shoot and vice versa. To a large degree, these coordinated differential growth responses are hormone mediated.
In the absence of light, plants develop an etiolated growth pattern. Etiolation of the seedling adapts it to emerging from the soil.
Comparison of dark-grown (etiolated) and light-grown (de-etiolated) seedlings
Etiolated characteristics De-etiolated characteristics
Distinct "apical hook" (dicot) or coleoptile (monocot)
No leaf growth
No chlorophyll
Rapid stem elongation
Limited radial expansion of stem
Limited root elongation
Limited production of lateral roots
Apical hook opens or coleoptile splits open
Leaf growth promoted
Chlorophyll produced
Stem elongation suppressed
Radial expansion of stem
Root elongation promoted
Lateral root development accelerated
The developmental changes characteristic of photomorphogenesis shown by de-etiolated seedlings, are induced by light. Typically, plants are responsive to wavelengths of light in the blue, red and far-red regions of the spectrum through the action of several different photosensory systems. The photoreceptors for red and far-red wavelengths are know as phytochromes. There are at least 5 members of the phytochrome family of photoreceptors. There are several blue light photoreceptors.
Photoreceptor systems in plants
Red/far-red systems: Phytochrome
Plants use phytochrome to detect and respond to red and far-red wavelengths.
Phytochromes are proteins with a light absorbing pigment attached (chromophore).
The chromophore is a linear tetrapyrrole called phytochromobilin.
The phytochrome apoprotein is synthesized in the Pr form. Upon binding the chromophore, the holoprotein becomes sensitive to light. If it absorbs red light it will change conformation to the biologically active Pfr form. The Pfr form can absorb red light and switch back to the Pr form.
Schematic diagram of phytochrome protein:
Most plants have multiple phytochromes encoded by different genes. The different forms of phytochrome control different responses but there is also a lot of redundancy so that in the absence of one phytochrome, another may take on the missing functions.
Arabidopsis has 5 phytochromes - PHYA, PHYB, PHYC, PHYD, PHYE
Molecular analyses of phytochrome and phytochrome-like genes in higher plants, ferns, mosses, algae, and photosynthetic bacteria have shown that phytochromes evolved from prokaryotic photoreceptors that predated the origin of plants.
Click here to read a brief account of the history of phytochrome research
Blue light systems:
As for the red/far-red system, plants contain multiple blue light photoreceptors which have different functions.
Based on studies with action spectra, mutants and molecular analyses, it has been determined that higher plants contain at least 4, and probably 5, different blue light photoreceptors.
Cryptochromes were the first blue light receptors to be isolated and characterized from any organism. The proteins use a flavin as a chromophore. The cryptochromes have evolved from microbial DNA-photolyase, an enzyme that carries out light-dependent repair of UV damaged DNA.
Two cryptochromes have been identified in plants.
Cryptochromes control stem elongation, leaf expansion, circadian rhythms and flowering time.
In addition to blue light, cryptochromes also perceive long wavelength UV irradiation (UV-A).
Phototropin is the blue light photoreceptor that controls phototropism. It also uses flavin as chromophore. Only one phototropin has been identified so far (NPH1). Phototropin also perceives long wavelength UV irradiation (UV-A) in addition to blue light.
Recent experiments indicate that a 4th blue light receptor exists that uses a carotenoid as a chromophore. This new photoreceptor controls blue light induction of stomatal opening. However, the gene and protein have not yet been found.
Other blue light responses exist that seem to function in plants that are missing the cryptochrome, phototropin and carotenoid photoreceptors suggesting that at least one more will be found.
...(and so on)

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The Misunderstood

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The Misunderstood
The Misunderstood in London - 1966
Background information
Origin
Riverside, California, U.S.
Genre(s)
Acid rock, progressive rock, blues-rock, psychedelic rock, art rock, hard rock
Years active
1963-1967, 1969, sporadically thereafter
Label(s)
Fontana Records (UK), Cherry Red Records (UK), Ugly Things Records (USA)
Associated acts
Juicy Lucy, High Tide, The Answers, The Influence, Van Der Graaf Generator
Website
themisunderstood.com
Members
Rick Brown (voc)Glenn Ross Campbell (lead g)Tony Hill (rgtr, key)Rick Moe (drums)Greg Treadway (rgtr, key)Steve Whiting (bass)George Phelps (lgtr, 1965)--1969 lineup--Glenn CampbellSteve Hoard (voc)David O'List (rgtr, bass)Chris Mercer (sax)Guy Evans (drums)Nic Potter (bass)Ray Owen (rgtr)
Notableinstrument(s)
electric slide guitar (Campbell)
The Misunderstood were a psychedelic rock band originating from Riverside, California in the mid-1960s. They moved to London in 1966, with the assistance of their manager, John Peel, who would later gain fame as an influential BBC Radio DJ. In UK they recruited Englishman Tony Hill on guitar, thus forming an international rock-music group, preceding Hendrix. Fontana Record's PR launch and glowing media reviews made commercial success certain, but the group was suddenly forced to disband when the lead singer got drafted into the Vietnam war. They had only recorded 7 tracks in London, all of which are considered classics. he Misunderstood were one of the most innovative and enigmatic bands of the Sixties and one of the psychedelic era best loved groups.2] Recently Goran Obradovic of POPISM radio wrote about the Misunderstood, "(they) were way ahead of their time, practically inventing the psych genre." In September 2004, Rolling Stone Magazine called them, "the American Yardbirds".

"I Not Talkin"
Sample of "Anti-war Psychedelic Song".
Problems listening to this file? See media help.
Contents
1 History
2 Visual feedback
3 Later period
4 Recognitions
5 Discography
6 References
7 Peelenium: John Peel picks the Greatest Songs of the 20th Century
8 External links
//
History
American singer Rick Brown and new British guitarist Hill formed a prolific songwriting team, and their classics are credited to "Hill/Brown". Bass player Steve Whiting was also involved in song writing but never received recognition until the publication of Ugly Things Magazine #21 in 2003. Among other contributions Whiting created the Oriental riff used in the song "I, Unseen." His bass playing was also unique in the complexity and speed at which he played, plus his novel use on bass of slide bar, fuzz tone and distortion, sustained feedback, and other innovative effects. All original Misunderstood song lyrics were written by Brown.
In London they released two critically acclaimed singles before being forced to disband, notably two classic psychedelic tracks: "Children of the Sun" and "I Can Take You To The Sun". Influenced by The Yardbirds, the distinctive feature of their sound was the steel guitar of Glenn Ross Campbell. Rolling Stone Magazine (Issue 956) in a September 2, 2004 review describes the Misunderstood's Campbell as "Jeff Beck and Jimmy Page rolled into one."
After The Misunderstood's Fontana press reception 4-song live performance in London's Philips Studios the British media was wide spread and unanimous in praise of the band. At this juncture their career was disrupted and ruined by the Vietnam draft of lead singer and song writer Rick Brown. Members of The Misunderstood went on to Juicy Lucy and High Tide.
In spite of their relatively small output, many musicians consider them to be influential pioneers of the acid style of rock music. Head Heritage Magazine, in a 2006 review write, "The Misunderstood material extended far beyond the reach of the period in which it was conceived. The extraordinarily advanced tracks on side one from 1966 reveal them as one of the earliest and most original probes into psychedelic rock".
British DJ John Peel championed the Misunderstood music throughout his entire career. Shortly before his death, in an interview with Index Magazine, Peel stated, "If I had to list the ten greatest performances I've seen in my life, one would be The Misunderstood at Pandora's Box, Hollywood, 1966. My god, they were a great band!". In his "Peelenium" (Greatest Songs of the 20th Century) Peel lists The Misunderstood for 1966, as follows: PEELENIUM 1966 1. Leonard Cohen - The Sisters of Mercy, 2. The Beatles - And Your Bird Can Sing, 3. The Misunderstood - I Can Take You To The Sun, 4. Jimi Hendrix - Red House, 5. Otis Redding - Try a Little Tenderness.
Creem magazine, in a September 2004 review, write, "The saga of the Misunderstood is one of the most unbelievable,...(and so on)

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MIVEC


MIVEC (Mitsubishi Innovative Valve timing Electronic Control system) is the brand name of a variable valve timing engine technology developed by Mitsubishi Motors. MIVEC, as with other similar systems, varies the timing, lift and duration of the valves by using two different camshaft profiles. At low speeds, a mild (low-lift) cam lobe provides stable idle, lower emissions and increased torque at lower speeds, while above a fixed engine speed a second set of cam lobes are activated, providing higher lift and duration; therefore a greater quantity of air into the combustion chamber which increases the power and torque output over a broad engine speed range.
MIVEC was first introduced in 1992 in their 4G92 powerplant, a 1,597cc naturally aspirated DOHC 16 valve straight-4. At the time, the first generation of the system was named Mitsubishi Innovative Valve timing and lift Electronic Control. The first cars to use this were the Mitsubishi Mirage hatchback and the Mitsubishi Lancer sedan. While the conventional 4G92 engine provided 145PS at 7000rpm, the MIVEC-equipped engine could achieve 175PS at 7500rpm. Similar improvements were seen when the technology was applied to the 1994 Mitsubishi FTO, whose top-spec GPX variant had a 6A12 1997cc DOHC 24 valve V6 with peak power of 200PS at 7500rpm. The GR model, whose otherwise identical powerplant was not MIVEC-equipped, produced 170PS at 7000rpm by comparison.
Although initially designed to enhance performance, the system has subsequently been developed to improve economy and emissions, and has been introduced across Mitsubishi's range of vehicles, from the i kei car to the high-performance Lancer Evolution sedan.
Contents
1 Operation
2 MIVEC-MD
3 Current implementations
4 Past implementations
5 Footnotes
//
Operation
Some types of variable valve control systems optimize power and torque by varying valve opening times and/or duration. Some of these valve control systems optimize performance at low and mid-range engine speeds. Others focus on enhancing only high-rpm power. MIVEC system provides both of these benefits by controlling valve timing and lift. The basic operation of the MIVEC system is altering the cam profiles and thus tailoring engine performance in response to driver input.
In essence, MIVEC serves the same function as "swapping cams", something that car racers might do when modifying older-design engines to produce more power. However, such swaps come with a compromise - generally yielding either greater low-end torque or more high-end horsepower, but not both. MIVEC achieves both goals. With MIVEC, the "cam swap" occurs automatically at a fixed engine speed. The cam switch operation is transparent to the driver, who is simply rewarded with a smooth flow of power.
Two distinct cam profiles are used to provide two engine modes: a low-speed mode, consisting of low-lift cam profiles; and a high-speed mode. The low-lift cams and rocker arms - which drive separate intake valves - are positioned on either side of a centrally located high-lift cam. Each of the intake valves is operated by a low-lift cam and rocker arm, while placing a T-lever between them allows the valves to follow the action of the high-lift cam.
At low speeds, The T-lever's wing section floats freely, enabling the low-lift cams to operate the valves. The intake rocker arms contain internal pistons, which are retained by springs in a lowered position while the engine speed is below the MIVEC switchover point, to avoid contacting the high-lift T-shaped levers. At high speeds, hydraulic pressure elevates the hydraulic pistons, causing the T-lever to push against the rocker arm, which in turn makes the high-lift cam operate the valves.
In summary, MIVEC switches to the higher cam profile as engine speed increases, and drops back to the lower cam profile as engine speed decreases. The reduced valve overlap in low-speed mode provides stable idling, while accelerated timing of the intake valve's closing reduces backflow to improve volumetric efficiency, which helps increase engine output as well as reduce lift friction. High-speed mode takes advantage of the pulsating intake effect created by the mode's high lift and retarded timing of intake valve closure. The resulting reduced pumping loss of the larger valve overlap yields higher power output and a reduction in friction. The low- and high-speed modes overlap for a brief period, boosting torque.
From the 4B1 engine family onward, MIVEC has evolved into a continuous variable valve timing (VVT) system (dual VVT on intake and exhaust valves). Many older implementations only vary the valve timing (the amount of time per engine revolution that the intake port is open) and not the lift. Timing is continuously independently controlled to provide four optimized engine-operating modes:
Under most conditions, to ensure highest fuel efficiency, valve overlap is increased to reduce pumping losses. The exhaust valve opening timing is retarded for higher expansion ratio, enhancing fuel economy.
When maximum power is demanded (high engine speed and load), intake valve closing timing is retarded to synchronize the intake air pulsations for larger air volume.
Under low-speed, high load, MIVEC ensures optimal torque delivery with the intake valve closing timing advanced to ensure sufficient air volume. At the same time, the exhaust valve opening timing is retarded to provide a higher expansion ratio and improved efficiency.
At idle, valve overlap is eliminated to stabilize combustion.
MIVEC-MD
In the early years of developing its MIVEC technology, Mitsubishi also introduced a variant dubbed MIVEC-MD (Modulated Displacement), a form of variable displacement. Under a light throttle load, the intake and exhaust valves in two of the cylinders would remain closed, and the reduced pumping losses gave a claimed 1020 percent improvement in fuel economy. Modulated Displacement was dropped around 1996.
Current implementations
Engine code
Capacity
Configuration
Year
3A91
1124cc
Straight-3
(2003resent)
3B20
659cc
Straight-3
(2005resent)
4A90
1332cc
Straight-4
(2003resent)
4A91
1499cc
Straight-4
(2003resent)
4B10
1798cc
Straight-4
(2007resent)
4B11
1998cc
Straight-4
(2007resent)
4B12
2359cc
Straight-4
(2005resent)
4G15
1468cc
Straight-4
(2003resent)
4G69
2378cc
Straight-4
(2003resent)
6B31
2998cc
V6
(2006resent)
6G75
3828cc
V6
(2005resent)
Past implementations
Engine code
Capacity
Configuration
Year
4G19
1343cc
Straight-4
(200206)
4G92
1597cc
Straight-4
(199299)
4G63T
1997cc
Straight-4
(200507)
6A12
1998cc
V6
(199395)
6G72
2972cc
V6
(199597)
Footnotes
^ "Latest MMC technologies and near-future goals", Mitsubishi Motors website
^ a b c d e f "2007 Mitsubishi Outlander Debuts New-Generation V-6 Engine And Segment-Exclusive Six-Speed Sportronic(R) Transmission", Mitsubishi Motors North America press release
^ History of Mitsubishi, 1990-1999, Mitsubishi Motors website
^ a b "Mitsubishi Motors History - Engine Technology", Mitsubishi Motors South Africa website
^ 1992 Mitsubishi Lancer RS specifications, English.auto.vl.ru
^ 1992 Mitsubishi Lancer Cyborg specifications, English.auto.vl.ru
^ 1994 Mitsubishi FTO GPX specifications, English.auto.vl.ru
^ 1994 Mitsubishi FTO GR specifications, English.auto.vl.ru
^ a b "All-New 2008 Mitsubishi Lancer Delivers...(and so on) To get More information , you can visit some products about computerized coating machine , coating pan machine , water coating machine , Spot Coating Machine , fully coating machine , lab coating machine , coating printing machine , on coating machine , food coating machine , spray coating machine , .

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